منذ النصف الثاني من القرن السابع عشر، ظهرت ما يطلق عليها الدولة القومية الحديثة، عقب مؤتمر وستفاليا (١٦٤٨)، الذي أنهى الحروب الدينية في أوروبا، التي كان يُعتقد أنها وراء مظاهر عدم الاستقرار على مستوى المجتمعات المحلية والنظام العالمي. بشّرت مقررات ذلك المؤتمر بظهور كيان عالمي جديد، يتكوّن أساساً من (دول)، ذات سيادة تتمتّع محلياً بسيادة مطلقة على مجتمعاتها المحلية، وبحصانة أممية، في مجال حركتها خارج حدودها الإقليمية. ظُن حينها أن هذه الكيانات السياسية الجديدة، المستقلة، ذات السيادة المطلقة على ما على إقليمها من موارد وبشر، مع أنانية مطلقة في خدمة مصالحها، في محيطيها الإقليمي والدولي، محصّنة بقوانين «دولية» تعلي من شأن ادعاءاتها «الوطنية» على حساب مصير السلام على كوكب الأرض.
تناقض واضح بين احترام مبدأ سيادة الدول وتغليب مبدأ التزاماتها الدولية، بحجة الدفاع عن النفس (الأمن القومي).. وعدم السماح لأي طرف خارجي، وإن كان مكوّناً من الدول نفسها، ويستمد شرعيته الأممية من إرادة الدول نفسها والتزامها باستقراره ورعاية السلام في ربوعه. الإعلاء من مبدأ سيادة الدول على إقليمها، بما يفوق التزاماتها الأممية، تجاه السلام، لا بد أن يأتي يوم وتصطدم إرادة الدول في الدفاع عن سيادتها الوطنية بمبدأ تمسكّها بالتزاماتها الدولية. ذلك أن أي نظام دولي يقوم أساساً على كيانات «وطنية» هي في الأساس غيورة على سيادتها يعتريها «شكٌ فطريٌ» من أي تدخل خارجي، حتى لو كان يهدف إلى مساعدتها للدفاع عن نفسها وتنميتها، ينتج عن ذلك نظام دولي غير مستقر، يهدد سلام العالم وأمنه.
هناك، دوماً، في ذهنية أي كيان دولي (دولة) شكٌ وتربصٌ فطري من أن أي تطورٍ خارجي، على المستوى الإقليمي والدولي، يقترب من حدود إقليمها، حتى لو كانت هذه السلوكيات، الدولة نفسها، مشاركة فيها. ربما أحياناً تُفرض أوضاعٌ جيوسياسية عمل ترتيبات أمنية، لمواجهة عوامل ومتغيّرات عدم استقرار قرب مجال الدولة الإقليمي. صحيح، الدول أحياناً، تنجذب تجاه ترتيبات أمنية إقليمية تدعم أهدافاً إقليمية، تتغلب في تقدير قيمتها الأمنية على أي اعتبارات مصلحية أخرى، إلا أن الدول، في كثيرٍ من الأحيان، تميل لو استطاعت إلى الاعتماد على مواردها الذاتية، مقابل أي اقتراب تداخلي مع جيرانها أو حلفائها الخارجيين.
لو الأمر راجع للدول فإنها تفضل غلق حدودها على فتح منافذها البرية والبحرية والجوية والبحرية للبيئة الإقليمية والدولية، أخذاً بالمثل القائل: «الباب الذي يأتيك منه الريح سده واستريح». لكن ليس دوماً تواجه الدول أي شكوك تنتابها من محيطها الداخلي والخارجي باللجوء إلى إستراتيجية العزلة، لأنها ليست إستراتيجية عملية لخدمة مصالحها الخارجية، بالذات أمنها، حتى بالنسبة للدول العظمى.
بدايةً، الدولة أي دولة، مهما بلغت قوتها وطغى غناها وتفوق تقدمها لن تبلغ مستوىً من الاكتفاء الذاتي بمواردها وإنتاجها وسوقها الداخلية، مما يجعلها تستغني عن البيئة السياسية (الخارجية) المحيطة بها. الدولُ عادة تلجأ للانخراط في محيط السياسة الدولية عالي الأمواج وصاخب الإيقاع، من أجل إشباع حاجات خاصة بها، بأقل تكلفة ممكنة، وأعلى عائد متوقع. الدول في محيطها الإقليمي والدولي، تتصرف مثل التاجر الحاذق، الذي يسعى إلى الربح الجزيل، بتكلفة أقل ومخاطرة محسوبة.
أحياناً، على سبيل المثال: الدول الكبرى تلجأ إلى سياسة حمائية تجارية، متى وجدت أن ذلك يصب في مصلحتها الاقتصادية، على الأقل من أجل خفض ميزانها التجاري. وأحياناً تلجأ إلى اتباع سياسة انفتاحية تداخلية مع محيطها الإقليمي وبيئتها الخارجية البعيدة، من أجل الاستفادة القصوى من عوائد التجارة الخارجية، في زيادة نصيبها من موارد البيئة الخارجية، مثل الاستفادة القصوى من ميزاتها التنافسية (الإنتاجية أو الريعية)، في السوق العالمية.
كل تصرفات الدول على مستوى محيطها الإقليمي وبيئتها الخارجية تدفعها غريزة أنانية متطرّفة، لدرجة «العمى السياسي»، أحياناً. حتى فكرة الدولة عن السلام والاستقرار والتكامل الإقليمي والتعاون الدولي تندفع لها الدولة بواعز خدمة مصالحها الأنانية، لا تبصّراً لقيمة السلام.. ولا سيادة الاستقرار، ولا تدبّراً لحكمة سيادة حالة التوازن للنظام الدولي.
نظام الدولة القومية الحديثة، الذي يُبقي على الخلفية الأنانية لأعضائه من الدول، على الالتزام بقيم السلام والاستقرار والتكامل والتعاون (الإقليمي والدولي)، إنما يعكس طفرة جينية سلبية إلى الوراء في تاريخ الإنسانية، لا بالضرورة نظرة تقدّمية لتبصّر قيم وعوائد التكامل الإقليمي والتعاون الدولي، بدل حركة الصراع والمنافسة، تطلعاً لوضعية الهيمنة الإقليمية والدولية، على حساب استقرار النظام الدولي وتعزيز قيمة التكامل والتعاون لمصلحة أعضائه البينية.
الدول هي، في حقيقة الأمر، يمكن النظر إليها نظرة تشاؤمية (رجعية) كونها معاول هدم ممنهج ومنظم، لمستقبلها، ولدورها في استقرار مجتمعات الأرض. لا غرابة أن الدول نفسها تطوّر من داخلها عوامل تقويضها، بظهور قوىً هدامة، تساهم في المساومة على سيادتها، لتعيد حركة الصراع العنيف على السلطة في المجتمعات الإنسانية، إلى المربع الأول، قبل ظهور نموذج الدولة القومية الحديثة، تأكيداً بأن حركة الصراع العنيف، لا قيمة التكامل والتعاون هي انعكاس فطري لطبيعة الإنسان الشريرة (الأنانية الجشعة).
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
Since the second half of the seventeenth century, what is known as the modern nation-state has emerged, following the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the religious wars in Europe that were believed to be behind manifestations of instability at both local and global levels. The resolutions of that conference heralded the emergence of a new global entity, primarily composed of (states) that possess sovereignty, enjoying absolute local authority over their communities, and international immunity in their movements beyond their territorial borders. At that time, it was thought that these new political entities, independent and with absolute sovereignty over the resources and people within their territories, driven by an absolute self-interest in serving their own interests in their regional and international environments, were fortified by "international" laws that elevate their "national" claims at the expense of the fate of peace on planet Earth.
There is a clear contradiction between respecting the principle of state sovereignty and prioritizing the principle of their international obligations, under the pretext of self-defense (national security)... and not allowing any external party, even if composed of the states themselves, which derives its international legitimacy from the will of the states themselves and their commitment to stability and peace within its borders. Elevating the principle of state sovereignty over its territory, beyond its international obligations towards peace, must eventually lead to a day when the will of states to defend their national sovereignty collides with their commitment to international obligations. This is because any international system fundamentally based on "national" entities that are inherently protective of their sovereignty is marked by an "innate suspicion" of any external intervention, even if it aims to assist them in defending themselves and developing, resulting in an unstable international system that threatens global peace and security.
There is always, in the mentality of any international entity (state), an innate suspicion and vigilance that any external development, at the regional and international levels, approaches its territorial borders, even if these behaviors involve the state itself. Sometimes, geopolitical conditions impose security arrangements to confront factors and variables of instability near the state's regional domain. Indeed, states sometimes gravitate towards regional security arrangements that support regional objectives, which outweigh their security value over any other self-serving considerations. However, states, often, prefer to rely on their own resources, rather than engage in any intermingling with their neighbors or external allies.
If it were up to the states, they would prefer to close their borders rather than open their land, sea, and air ports to the regional and international environment, adhering to the saying: "The door from which the wind comes, close it and rest." However, states do not always confront any doubts arising from their internal and external environments by resorting to a strategy of isolation, as it is not a practical strategy to serve their external interests, especially their security, even for great powers.
Initially, any state, regardless of its strength, wealth, and advanced progress, will not reach a level of self-sufficiency with its resources, production, and internal market, which would allow it to dispense with the surrounding political (external) environment. States typically resort to engaging in the tumultuous and dynamic realm of international politics to satisfy their specific needs at the lowest possible cost and the highest expected return. States in their regional and international environments act like a savvy trader, seeking substantial profits at lower costs and calculated risks.
Sometimes, for example, major states resort to a protective trade policy whenever they find it serves their economic interests, at least to reduce their trade deficit. At other times, they adopt an open and intermingled policy with their regional environment and distant external surroundings to maximize the benefits from foreign trade, increasing their share of external resources, such as maximizing the benefits from their competitive advantages (productive or rent-seeking) in the global market.
All actions of states within their regional environment and external surroundings are driven by an extreme selfish instinct, to the point of "political blindness," at times. Even the state's concept of peace, stability, regional integration, and international cooperation is propelled by a desire to serve its selfish interests, not by insight into the value of peace... nor the sovereignty of stability, nor by consideration for the wisdom of maintaining a balance in the international system.
The system of the modern nation-state, which maintains the selfish background of its member states' commitment to the values of peace, stability, integration, and cooperation (regional and international), reflects a negative genetic leap backward in the history of humanity, not necessarily a progressive outlook to perceive the values and returns of regional integration and international cooperation, instead of the movement of conflict and competition, aspiring to a state of regional and international dominance at the expense of the stability of the international system and enhancing the value of integration and cooperation for the benefit of its internal members.
States, in reality, can be viewed pessimistically (regressively) as systematic and organized tools of destruction for their future and their role in stabilizing the communities of the Earth. It is not surprising that states themselves develop internal factors that undermine them, with the emergence of destructive forces that contribute to bargaining over their sovereignty, returning the violent struggle for power in human societies to square one, before the emergence of the model of the modern nation-state, affirming that the movement of violent conflict, not the value of integration and cooperation, is an innate reflection of the wicked (greedy and selfish) nature of humanity.
There is a clear contradiction between respecting the principle of state sovereignty and prioritizing the principle of their international obligations, under the pretext of self-defense (national security)... and not allowing any external party, even if composed of the states themselves, which derives its international legitimacy from the will of the states themselves and their commitment to stability and peace within its borders. Elevating the principle of state sovereignty over its territory, beyond its international obligations towards peace, must eventually lead to a day when the will of states to defend their national sovereignty collides with their commitment to international obligations. This is because any international system fundamentally based on "national" entities that are inherently protective of their sovereignty is marked by an "innate suspicion" of any external intervention, even if it aims to assist them in defending themselves and developing, resulting in an unstable international system that threatens global peace and security.
There is always, in the mentality of any international entity (state), an innate suspicion and vigilance that any external development, at the regional and international levels, approaches its territorial borders, even if these behaviors involve the state itself. Sometimes, geopolitical conditions impose security arrangements to confront factors and variables of instability near the state's regional domain. Indeed, states sometimes gravitate towards regional security arrangements that support regional objectives, which outweigh their security value over any other self-serving considerations. However, states, often, prefer to rely on their own resources, rather than engage in any intermingling with their neighbors or external allies.
If it were up to the states, they would prefer to close their borders rather than open their land, sea, and air ports to the regional and international environment, adhering to the saying: "The door from which the wind comes, close it and rest." However, states do not always confront any doubts arising from their internal and external environments by resorting to a strategy of isolation, as it is not a practical strategy to serve their external interests, especially their security, even for great powers.
Initially, any state, regardless of its strength, wealth, and advanced progress, will not reach a level of self-sufficiency with its resources, production, and internal market, which would allow it to dispense with the surrounding political (external) environment. States typically resort to engaging in the tumultuous and dynamic realm of international politics to satisfy their specific needs at the lowest possible cost and the highest expected return. States in their regional and international environments act like a savvy trader, seeking substantial profits at lower costs and calculated risks.
Sometimes, for example, major states resort to a protective trade policy whenever they find it serves their economic interests, at least to reduce their trade deficit. At other times, they adopt an open and intermingled policy with their regional environment and distant external surroundings to maximize the benefits from foreign trade, increasing their share of external resources, such as maximizing the benefits from their competitive advantages (productive or rent-seeking) in the global market.
All actions of states within their regional environment and external surroundings are driven by an extreme selfish instinct, to the point of "political blindness," at times. Even the state's concept of peace, stability, regional integration, and international cooperation is propelled by a desire to serve its selfish interests, not by insight into the value of peace... nor the sovereignty of stability, nor by consideration for the wisdom of maintaining a balance in the international system.
The system of the modern nation-state, which maintains the selfish background of its member states' commitment to the values of peace, stability, integration, and cooperation (regional and international), reflects a negative genetic leap backward in the history of humanity, not necessarily a progressive outlook to perceive the values and returns of regional integration and international cooperation, instead of the movement of conflict and competition, aspiring to a state of regional and international dominance at the expense of the stability of the international system and enhancing the value of integration and cooperation for the benefit of its internal members.
States, in reality, can be viewed pessimistically (regressively) as systematic and organized tools of destruction for their future and their role in stabilizing the communities of the Earth. It is not surprising that states themselves develop internal factors that undermine them, with the emergence of destructive forces that contribute to bargaining over their sovereignty, returning the violent struggle for power in human societies to square one, before the emergence of the model of the modern nation-state, affirming that the movement of violent conflict, not the value of integration and cooperation, is an innate reflection of the wicked (greedy and selfish) nature of humanity.


