منذ أعلن العالم انطلاق ثورته الرقمية، والشعوب بكافة أطيافها منقسمة على معطيات كل حقبة زمنية، فهناك من يتماهى سريعاً مع كل معطى، وهناك من يحذر ويترقّب، وهناك من يوظّف ويعزز قدراته، بالأحدث من المنجزات الابتكارية، وبحكم (صيحة الذكاء الاصطناعي) التي بدأها (جون مكارثي)، إلى جانب (آلان تورنغ) و(مارفن مينسكي) و(ألن نيويل) و(هيربرت سيمون). وصاغ مكارثي مصطلح (الذكاء الاصطناعي) في عام 1955، ونظم مؤتمر (دارتموث) في صيف 1956. (انضم مينسكي فيما بعد إلى مكارثي في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا عام 1959). وعقب ستة عقود، غدا واقعاً غزا حياة البشر، بمن فيهم الأدباء، وأدخل نخبة الثقافة في جدل حول مستقبل الكتابة، وهل سينجح الذكاء الاصطناعي (بالشات جي بي تي) وغيره من البرامج والتطبيقات، في محاكاة ذكاء الإنسان، والتفوّق عليه؟ أم أن ذكاءه محدود، وهو مرتهن لما يزوده به البشر؟ وماذا عن الكتابة النقدية، وهل سيتحول الناقد البشري إلى ذاكرة؟ وهنا استطلاع رأي لعدد من الأدباء والنقاد، ليسهموا في التصوّر المستقبلي لهذه التقنية التي ملأت الدنيا وأشغلت الناس.
فالناقدة سهام حسين القحطاني، تعدُّ الذكاء الاصطناعي استعماراً جديداً للبشر؛ كونه بدل كل من كل للبشر، مؤكدةً أنه استطاع في مجال الأدب عبر تطبيقاته أن يمثل مرشداً للمبدعين الجدد، إذ ما على أحدهم سوى أن يزوده بعناصر القصة أو أي فن أدبي يريد كتابته «لينُشئ لك نصاً أدبياً كامل الأركان». وأضافت القحطاني: «أما على مستوى النقد فيمكن لهذا الذكاء، تقديم تغذية راجعة منهجية لأدب المبدعين الجدد، بعيداً عن الاحتفاء بالتميز الإبداعي وتصنيف درجات الإبداع، ما يعني أن ورقة تأثير الناقد سقطت في مهب الريح». وترى أن سطوة الذكاء الاصطناعي في مجالي الأدب والنقد يعني أننا سنكون أمام عصر أدبي جليدي أحادي الوجه والوجدان، وأشبه بأقنعة مطموسة الملامح.
فيما ذهب الناقد الدكتور كامل فرحان صالح إلى أن الإجابة عن هذه الإشكالية، لم تعد مغرية في عالم الأدب والنقد؛ كون الذكاء الاصطناعي بدأ فعلاً وفعلياً، يتغلل في كل مفاصل حياتنا، لا سيما منها الدرس التربوي والأكاديمي والثقافي، مشيراً إلى أن النقد الأدبي، ليس بمنأى عن ذلك.
ولفت إلى أن (الكارثة) تكمن في مسلسل الإلهاء عما يحدث فعلاً، والتشويش على من يسعى إلى رصد العلة من جذورها، فنتلهى بمعالجة الغصن فيما الشجرة كلها تحترق، والإنسانية تسقط بما تعنيه من قيم وانفعالات ومشاعر ولغة وعلم وأدب ومعتقدات. وتُقاد البشرية منذ مطلع القرن الواحد والعشرين، إلغاء وظيفتها على هذه الأرض لمصلحة (ميتافزيقيا الآلة) التي تبسط سلطتها شيئاً فشيئاً، مؤكداً أن «(الآلة) غدت بالمعنى الرمزي، ذكاء، ووظيفة، وردود أفعال، وقرارات، وأعمال تتعلق بالطب والهندسة والأدب والتربية والفنون والاقتصاد، فيما الإنسان يصفق ببلاهة، وسذاجة، وغباء، لتقدمها المرعب، وأخذها لمكانه»، ويرى أن المسألة لم تعد قاصرة على وظيفة النقد، إذ بمقدور الذكاء الاصطناعي، أن ينتج الشعر والحكاية والسيناريو واللوحة والبحث العلمي ويقدم تحليله للأحداث، ويستشرف المستقبل، دون قدرة على الحدّ من سطوة (النقد الاصطناعي) ولا امتلاك معيارية التقييم؛ كوننا لم نعد نمتلك مفاتيح الإبداع الإنساني!
وأوضح الشاعر السمّاح عبدالله، أنه غالباً ما تثار مثل هذه الأسئلة مع كل إنجاز علمي جديد. وقال «أتذكر جيداً وأنا في هيئة تحرير إحدى المجلات الأدبية، كيف كان رئيس التحرير يتشكك في كل المواد المترجمة التي تصلنا، ظناً منه أن المترجم يستعين بـ(Google Translate)؛ الأمر الذي أحدث ارتباكة كبيرة، وسرعان ما تمت تنحية هذا الأمر جانباً، إذ اتضح لنا جميعاً أن الترجمة الآلية لا يمكن لها أن تقوم بالأمر، كما لا يمكن للذكاء الاصطناعي أن يكتب قصيدة فيها ماء الشعر، ولا قصة محبوكة الحدث، ويصبح الأمر أكثر استحالة إذا ما تعلق بالنقد الأدبي، لأننا نعرف أن النقد له علاقة بالذائقة، والناقد البارع، هو بالأساس صاحب ذائقة خاصة، وصاحب قدرة على تفكيك النص وتحليله والخروج بنتائج هو وحده من يترصد لها. ووصف السمّاح الذكاء الاصطناعي بشديد الغباء في هذا الأمر، كونه مُبَرْمَجاً، ويمنح معطيات موضوعة فيه، وغير قادر على الابتكار. وأضاف «لربما يزيد (الذكاء الاصطناعي)، بغبائه الشديد، من عدد المبدعين والتشكيليين والنقاد، إلا أنه، لن يقدم أي تراكم إيجابي للحركة الأدبية أو الفنية، وسيبقى الحس الإنساني هو كلمة السر الخاصة بأي عمل إبداعي أو نقدي جاد».
وحذّر الناقد الأكاديمي الدكتور حافظ المغربي، من نتائج الذكاء الاصطناعي وخطره على الإبداع الأدبي، متمثلاً في تغذيته بأساليب لكبار الشعراء والنقاد ليكتب على غرارها، فيتلقفها الأذكياء من أنصاف الموهوبين ويضعون عليها شيئاً من أفكارهم ومعارفهم التي يجيدون تلفيقها حيناً وتنميقها حيناً، فتخرج في حلة مبهرة وزائفة في الوقت نفسه، ليقدموها لجوائز عربية مرموقة الظاهر مشكوك فيها، لتنطلي على نقاد من محكمي هذه الجوائز، ويمنحوا جائزة لمن لم يُخلص لتجربته الإبداعية.
فيما يؤكد الناقد الدكتور جابر الخلف، أنه لا جدال في أن (الذكاء الاصطناعي) تقنية مهمة في حياة البشر، ومن السابق لأوانه القول بأنه سيحيل النقد الأدبي أو دور الناقد إلى ذاكرة الماضي، بحكم استعانة شريحة من الجيل المعاصر بتطبيقات الذكاء الاصطناعي؛ طلباً لتقييم النصوص الأدبية، وعدّه شكلاً من أشكال الوهن الثقافي، وتراجع الذائقة الأدبية المدربة، إما هروباً من المسؤولية، أو رغبة في سرعة الإنجاز (عصر السرعة). ويرى الخلف أنه ليس من المعيب الاستفادة من أي تقنية، إلا أن المشكلة تكمن في الاعتماد عليها، والركون إلى تقنياتها، وهو يفتقد التدرج الطبيعي في بناء ذائقته، وما يمكن أن نسميه «التراكم المعرفي»، ويرى أن التقنية ربما تتفوق في الإتقان، إلا أن الإتقان المفرط المعتمد على تحليل البيانات، لا يسهم في بناء الذائقة الأدبية؛ وربما يساوي بين مقال نقدي لطالب في المرحلة المتوسطة وطالب جامعي، مع اختلاف المستويات الدراسية. ولفت إلى أن الأدب شعور إنساني، وصياغة أدبية تعبران عن خوالج الإنسان البشري لا الآلي، وربما تتقن الآلة أكثر، ولن تكونَ معبرةً بما يكفي عن كل ما يتصل بالإنسان والمجتمع، مؤكداً أن الإنسانَ في حالةِ تفاوت دَائِمٍ بين قوة وضعف، وصلابة وهشاشة، وفرح وحزن، والانفعالات الإنسانية لا يعبر عنها الإتقان بقدر ما يعبر عنها الانفعال، وأضاف: أن «اتصال النقد الأدبي بالذكاء الاصطناعي يكاد يشبه اتصاله بالأيديولوجيا، تحكمه علاقة نفعية، وليست انفعاليّة، و بينهما تخادم محسوس، سرعان ما يخبو».
ونفى أستاذ الأدب الحديث في جامعة الملك فيصل الدكتور يونس البدر، أن تكون مقدرة (الذكاء الاصطناعي) كافية لخدمة النقد الأدبي، لما يتطلبه النقد من ذوق وأحاسيس وانفعالات بشرية صرفة لا تدركها الآلات والحواسيب، ويراه عوناً للناقد بتوظيفه في استحضار الجهاز المفاهيمي لمنهج من المناهج أو نظرية من النظريات، موضحاً أنه استعان ذات مرة بمحادثة مع (الشات جي بي تي) حول تحرير بعض المصطلحات النقدية، فوجد أن المعلومات التي يمكن أن يضيفها محدودة جداً وفي إطار ضيق من المنهج، وكذلك طلب منه تحليل نموذج سردي، وخرج تحليله سطحياً وتكراراً لا يرتقي ليكون أنموذجاً رصيناً، مشيراً إلى أنه مع الوقت ستكون المادة النقدية أوفر، وذات نطاق أوسع وتخدم الباحثين في الإطار النظري.
ويذهب الشاعر زكي السالم إلى أن من المعيب أن يلجأ أديبٌ في أي فرع من فروع الأدب لاستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في نقده، عدا الاستعانة به في البحث عن معلومة أو ما شابهها. وعدّ الاعتماد عليه «تزويراً مع سبق الإصرار والترصد»؛ كونه لا غنى عن الإنسان بكل تجلياته ومواهبه في تجلية النصوص الإبداعية بما أوتي من ملَكة نقدية، وذهنية متوقدة، تفتح له آفاقًا للإبداع النقدي، ليكتمل عقد النص إبداعاً وتجلية من الناقد، كما تألق نظماً وأناقة من الشاعر. وتسامح السالم مع تطويع الذكاء لخدمة النقد برفد العملية النقدية، في البحث عن معلومة، وترتيب فكرة، بجعل الذكاء الاصطناعي مستشاراً لا أكثر، مشيراً إلى أن النقد روح قبل أن يكون علماً، وذلك ما يفتقده الذكاء الاصطناعي.
يقوم بمهام كُتّاب وأدباء ويُؤْذِنُ بعصرٍ أحادي
سطوة الذكاء الاصطناعي تهدّد بالسقوط في مهب الريح
8 أغسطس 2025 - 15:22
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آخر تحديث 8 أغسطس 2025 - 15:22
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
يحيى عبداللطيف (الدمام) علي الرباعي (الباحة) Al_ARobai@
Since the world announced the launch of its digital revolution, people of all backgrounds have been divided over the implications of each era. Some quickly align with every new development, while others warn and await, and some leverage and enhance their capabilities with the latest innovative achievements. This is in light of the (artificial intelligence wave) initiated by (John McCarthy), alongside (Alan Turing), (Marvin Minsky), (Allen Newell), and (Herbert Simon). McCarthy coined the term (artificial intelligence) in 1955 and organized the (Dartmouth) conference in the summer of 1956. (Minsky later joined McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959). After six decades, it has become a reality that has invaded human lives, including writers, and has brought the elite of culture into a debate about the future of writing. Will artificial intelligence (like ChatGPT) and other programs and applications succeed in simulating human intelligence and surpassing it? Or is its intelligence limited, dependent on what humans provide? And what about critical writing? Will the human critic become a mere memory? Here is a survey of opinions from several writers and critics to contribute to the future vision of this technology that has filled the world and occupied people's minds.
Critic Suham Hussein Al-Qahtani considers artificial intelligence a new form of colonization for humanity, as it replaces everything for humans. She asserts that it has managed, in the field of literature through its applications, to serve as a guide for new creators, as all one needs to do is provide it with the elements of a story or any literary art they wish to write "to create a complete literary text for you." Al-Qahtani added: "As for the level of criticism, this intelligence can provide systematic feedback on the literature of new creators, away from celebrating creative excellence and classifying degrees of creativity, which means that the critic's influence has been swept away by the wind." She believes that the dominance of artificial intelligence in the fields of literature and criticism means we will face a cold, one-dimensional literary era, akin to masks with obscured features.
Meanwhile, critic Dr. Kamel Farhan Saleh believes that answering this issue is no longer enticing in the world of literature and criticism, as artificial intelligence has already begun to infiltrate every aspect of our lives, especially in educational, academic, and cultural contexts, noting that literary criticism is not exempt from this.
He pointed out that the "disaster" lies in the distraction from what is actually happening and the confusion for those who seek to trace the cause from its roots, as we get distracted by addressing the branch while the whole tree is burning, and humanity is falling with all that it means in terms of values, emotions, feelings, language, science, literature, and beliefs. Humanity has been led since the beginning of the twenty-first century to cancel its function on this earth in favor of the (metaphysics of the machine), which gradually extends its authority, asserting that "(the machine) has become, in a symbolic sense, intelligence, function, reactions, decisions, and actions related to medicine, engineering, literature, education, arts, and economics, while humans clap foolishly, naively, and stupidly for its terrifying advancement and its taking of its place." He believes that the issue is no longer limited to the function of criticism, as artificial intelligence can produce poetry, stories, scenarios, paintings, scientific research, provide analysis of events, and foresee the future, without the ability to limit the dominance of (artificial criticism) or possess evaluative standards, as we no longer hold the keys to human creativity!
Poet Al-Samah Abdullah explained that such questions often arise with every new scientific achievement. He said, "I remember well when I was on the editorial board of a literary magazine, how the editor-in-chief was skeptical of all the translated materials that reached us, thinking that the translator was relying on (Google Translate); this caused a great deal of confusion, and this matter was soon set aside, as it became clear to all of us that machine translation could not accomplish the task, just as artificial intelligence cannot write a poem that has the essence of poetry, nor a well-crafted story, and the matter becomes even more impossible when it comes to literary criticism, because we know that criticism is related to taste, and the skilled critic is essentially someone with a special taste, and the ability to deconstruct and analyze the text and arrive at conclusions that only they can anticipate. Al-Samah described artificial intelligence as extremely foolish in this regard, as it is programmed, providing data that is set within it, and is incapable of innovation. He added, "Perhaps (artificial intelligence), with its extreme foolishness, may increase the number of creators, artists, and critics, but it will not provide any positive accumulation for the literary or artistic movement, and the human sensibility will remain the secret key to any serious creative or critical work."
Academic critic Dr. Hafiz Al-Maghrabi warned of the consequences of artificial intelligence and its danger to literary creativity, manifested in its feeding on the styles of major poets and critics to write in their likeness, which is then picked up by the clever from the semi-talented, who add some of their ideas and knowledge, which they can fabricate at times and embellish at others, resulting in a dazzling yet false output, presented for prestigious Arab awards that are visibly questionable, deceiving critics among the judges of these awards, who may grant a prize to someone who has not been faithful to their creative experience.
Meanwhile, critic Dr. Jabir Al-Khalaf asserts that there is no doubt that (artificial intelligence) is an important technology in human life, and it is premature to say that it will reduce literary criticism or the role of the critic to a memory of the past, due to a segment of the contemporary generation's reliance on artificial intelligence applications for evaluating literary texts, which he considers a form of cultural weakness and a decline in trained literary taste, either as an escape from responsibility or a desire for speed in achievement (the age of speed). Al-Khalaf believes that it is not shameful to benefit from any technology, but the problem lies in relying on it and leaning on its techniques, which lacks the natural progression in building one's taste, and what we can call "cumulative knowledge." He believes that while technology may excel in precision, excessive precision based on data analysis does not contribute to building literary taste; it may equate a critical article by a middle school student with that of a university student, despite the differences in educational levels. He pointed out that literature is a human feeling and an artistic formulation that expresses the inner workings of human beings, not machines, and while machines may master more, they will not adequately express all that relates to humans and society. He emphasized that humans are in a constant state of fluctuation between strength and weakness, resilience and fragility, joy and sorrow, and human emotions are not expressed by precision as much as they are by emotion, adding: "The connection of literary criticism with artificial intelligence is almost akin to its connection with ideology; it is governed by a utilitarian relationship, not an emotional one, and there is a tangible mutual service between them that quickly fades."
Dr. Younes Al-Badr, a professor of modern literature at King Faisal University, denied that the capabilities of (artificial intelligence) are sufficient to serve literary criticism, given that criticism requires taste, feelings, and pure human emotions that machines and computers cannot grasp. He views it as an aid to the critic by employing it to summon the conceptual apparatus of a methodology or theory, explaining that he once relied on a conversation with (ChatGPT) about clarifying some critical terms, and found that the information it could provide was very limited and within a narrow framework of the methodology. He also asked it to analyze a narrative model, and its analysis was superficial and repetitive, not rising to the level of a solid model, noting that over time, critical material will become more abundant and broader in scope, serving researchers in the theoretical framework.
Poet Zaki Al-Salem believes that it is disgraceful for a writer in any branch of literature to resort to using artificial intelligence in their criticism, except for seeking information or something similar. He considered reliance on it "premeditated forgery," as there is no substitute for humans in all their manifestations and talents in illuminating creative texts with their critical faculties and sharp minds, which open up avenues for critical creativity, completing the text's creative and critical essence, just as the poet shines in form and elegance. Al-Salem is tolerant of utilizing intelligence to serve criticism by enriching the critical process, seeking information, and organizing ideas, making artificial intelligence a consultant at most, noting that criticism is a spirit before it is a science, which is what artificial intelligence lacks.
Critic Suham Hussein Al-Qahtani considers artificial intelligence a new form of colonization for humanity, as it replaces everything for humans. She asserts that it has managed, in the field of literature through its applications, to serve as a guide for new creators, as all one needs to do is provide it with the elements of a story or any literary art they wish to write "to create a complete literary text for you." Al-Qahtani added: "As for the level of criticism, this intelligence can provide systematic feedback on the literature of new creators, away from celebrating creative excellence and classifying degrees of creativity, which means that the critic's influence has been swept away by the wind." She believes that the dominance of artificial intelligence in the fields of literature and criticism means we will face a cold, one-dimensional literary era, akin to masks with obscured features.
Meanwhile, critic Dr. Kamel Farhan Saleh believes that answering this issue is no longer enticing in the world of literature and criticism, as artificial intelligence has already begun to infiltrate every aspect of our lives, especially in educational, academic, and cultural contexts, noting that literary criticism is not exempt from this.
He pointed out that the "disaster" lies in the distraction from what is actually happening and the confusion for those who seek to trace the cause from its roots, as we get distracted by addressing the branch while the whole tree is burning, and humanity is falling with all that it means in terms of values, emotions, feelings, language, science, literature, and beliefs. Humanity has been led since the beginning of the twenty-first century to cancel its function on this earth in favor of the (metaphysics of the machine), which gradually extends its authority, asserting that "(the machine) has become, in a symbolic sense, intelligence, function, reactions, decisions, and actions related to medicine, engineering, literature, education, arts, and economics, while humans clap foolishly, naively, and stupidly for its terrifying advancement and its taking of its place." He believes that the issue is no longer limited to the function of criticism, as artificial intelligence can produce poetry, stories, scenarios, paintings, scientific research, provide analysis of events, and foresee the future, without the ability to limit the dominance of (artificial criticism) or possess evaluative standards, as we no longer hold the keys to human creativity!
Poet Al-Samah Abdullah explained that such questions often arise with every new scientific achievement. He said, "I remember well when I was on the editorial board of a literary magazine, how the editor-in-chief was skeptical of all the translated materials that reached us, thinking that the translator was relying on (Google Translate); this caused a great deal of confusion, and this matter was soon set aside, as it became clear to all of us that machine translation could not accomplish the task, just as artificial intelligence cannot write a poem that has the essence of poetry, nor a well-crafted story, and the matter becomes even more impossible when it comes to literary criticism, because we know that criticism is related to taste, and the skilled critic is essentially someone with a special taste, and the ability to deconstruct and analyze the text and arrive at conclusions that only they can anticipate. Al-Samah described artificial intelligence as extremely foolish in this regard, as it is programmed, providing data that is set within it, and is incapable of innovation. He added, "Perhaps (artificial intelligence), with its extreme foolishness, may increase the number of creators, artists, and critics, but it will not provide any positive accumulation for the literary or artistic movement, and the human sensibility will remain the secret key to any serious creative or critical work."
Academic critic Dr. Hafiz Al-Maghrabi warned of the consequences of artificial intelligence and its danger to literary creativity, manifested in its feeding on the styles of major poets and critics to write in their likeness, which is then picked up by the clever from the semi-talented, who add some of their ideas and knowledge, which they can fabricate at times and embellish at others, resulting in a dazzling yet false output, presented for prestigious Arab awards that are visibly questionable, deceiving critics among the judges of these awards, who may grant a prize to someone who has not been faithful to their creative experience.
Meanwhile, critic Dr. Jabir Al-Khalaf asserts that there is no doubt that (artificial intelligence) is an important technology in human life, and it is premature to say that it will reduce literary criticism or the role of the critic to a memory of the past, due to a segment of the contemporary generation's reliance on artificial intelligence applications for evaluating literary texts, which he considers a form of cultural weakness and a decline in trained literary taste, either as an escape from responsibility or a desire for speed in achievement (the age of speed). Al-Khalaf believes that it is not shameful to benefit from any technology, but the problem lies in relying on it and leaning on its techniques, which lacks the natural progression in building one's taste, and what we can call "cumulative knowledge." He believes that while technology may excel in precision, excessive precision based on data analysis does not contribute to building literary taste; it may equate a critical article by a middle school student with that of a university student, despite the differences in educational levels. He pointed out that literature is a human feeling and an artistic formulation that expresses the inner workings of human beings, not machines, and while machines may master more, they will not adequately express all that relates to humans and society. He emphasized that humans are in a constant state of fluctuation between strength and weakness, resilience and fragility, joy and sorrow, and human emotions are not expressed by precision as much as they are by emotion, adding: "The connection of literary criticism with artificial intelligence is almost akin to its connection with ideology; it is governed by a utilitarian relationship, not an emotional one, and there is a tangible mutual service between them that quickly fades."
Dr. Younes Al-Badr, a professor of modern literature at King Faisal University, denied that the capabilities of (artificial intelligence) are sufficient to serve literary criticism, given that criticism requires taste, feelings, and pure human emotions that machines and computers cannot grasp. He views it as an aid to the critic by employing it to summon the conceptual apparatus of a methodology or theory, explaining that he once relied on a conversation with (ChatGPT) about clarifying some critical terms, and found that the information it could provide was very limited and within a narrow framework of the methodology. He also asked it to analyze a narrative model, and its analysis was superficial and repetitive, not rising to the level of a solid model, noting that over time, critical material will become more abundant and broader in scope, serving researchers in the theoretical framework.
Poet Zaki Al-Salem believes that it is disgraceful for a writer in any branch of literature to resort to using artificial intelligence in their criticism, except for seeking information or something similar. He considered reliance on it "premeditated forgery," as there is no substitute for humans in all their manifestations and talents in illuminating creative texts with their critical faculties and sharp minds, which open up avenues for critical creativity, completing the text's creative and critical essence, just as the poet shines in form and elegance. Al-Salem is tolerant of utilizing intelligence to serve criticism by enriching the critical process, seeking information, and organizing ideas, making artificial intelligence a consultant at most, noting that criticism is a spirit before it is a science, which is what artificial intelligence lacks.
