كلما علا موقع دولة ما، على سلم القوة الدولية، كانت قدرتها أكبر على تنفيذ سياساتها، والعكس صحيح. ودائماً ما يكون للدولة العظمى النفوذ الأقوى، والتأثير الأوسع في مجريات العلاقات الدولية في وقتها. ويكون للدولة الكبرى قدرة أكبر من قدرة الدولة الكبيرة، وأقل من قدرة الدولة العظمى، وهكذا.
إن الدول «تتفاوت» في مدى قوتها، في ظل قانون الغاب الذي يحكم معظم العلاقات الدولية. وهذا التفاوت تترتب عليه نتائج مهمة، ويختلف من وقت لآخر، ومن حالة لأخرى، سواء فيما بين دول العالم، أو بالنسبة للدولة الواحدة المعنية. وأن سلّمنا بأن العلاقات الدولية هي «صراع وسعي الدول من أجل القوة»، فإنه يترتب على هذا التفاوت في قوة الدول شيء من التفاضل.
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ويلزم «تطبيق» هذا المدخل العلمي المبسط لمعرفة وتحديد مدى قوة أي دولة، إجراء بحث ميداني ومكتبي موسع، لـ«قياس» درجة كل عنصر من عناصر القوة الخشنة (تقريبياً) في الدولة المعنية، وكذلك عناصر القوة الناعمة، التي تتسم بها، وتمتلكها، ومحاولة معرفة مدى توفر كل من هذه العناصر فيها. وفي حالة محاولة قياس مدى قوة تكتل دولي معين، كمنظمة «جامعة الدول العربية» (مثلا) يمكن «جمع» كل قوى الدول الأعضاء (الخشنة والناعمة) في هذه المنظمة معاً، لمعرفة وتحديد مدى قوة هذا الكيان المسمى بـ«جامعة الدول العربية»، على الساحة الدولية، الذي هو الآن عبارة عن: منظمة دولية حكومية إقليمية شاملة، أو بكلمات أخرى، اتحاد «كونفدرالي» هش.
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ومعروف أن «الاختلاف» بين الناس هو أحد سنن الكون الثابتة. كل البشر بشر، تجمع بينهم خصائص عامة مشتركة. ولكن كل منهم مختلف عن الآخر، قليلاً، أو كثيراً، وله «خصوصية» معينة. كذلك «الجماعات»، و«الدول»، و«الأمم» (الحضارات) المختلفة. فالإنسان يتجسد في عدة صور (Forms)، من أهمها: الفرد، الجماعة، الحزب، التنظيم، الدولة، الأمة... إلخ. ويتشابه سلوك كل من هذه الصور، سواء كان سياسيّاً، أو غيره، نتيجة هيمنة العنصر الإنساني في كل صورة. إن من أهم نتائج هذا «الاختلاف» هي: تنوع الحضارات واختلافها عن بعضها. كلها حضارات إنسانية.. لكن كل منها مختلف (ماديّاً ومعنويّاً وقيميّاً) عن الآخر، وله خصوصيته، كما للفرد. ومعروف، أنه ينتج غالباً عن تشابه المصالح والقيم، بين البشر (بأي صورة تجسدوا) تحاباً وتعاوناً، وعن اختلافهم تنافراً وصراعاً.
تلعب «القوة»، بمعناها الشامل، الدور الأكبر في حياة الدول. ويمكن تقسيم دور القوة في العمل، والتسلط السياسي لمرحلتين: مرحلة ما قبل الثورة الفرنسية، ومرحلة ما بعدها. إن ما قاله ابن خلدون عن أصل الدولة -أي دولة- يلخص لنا دور القوة (أو «العصبية») كما ارتآه. تعني «العصبية» -في رأيه- التلاحم والمناصرة، وميل الأفراد لأقاربهم وعشائرهم، ووقوف الفرد مع أهله وأسرته، ضد من يريد إلحاق ضرر بهم.
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ويرجع ابن خلدون قيام أي دولة إلى ضرورة العيش المشترك، التي يحتاجها الناس. فالإنسان مدني بطبعه. والدولة -في رأيه- تقوم على العصبية، ومدى قوتها. فبما أن لكل عصبية أو وحدة بشرية عزوة (قوة)، فإن هناك بالضرورة فرعاً أقوى (نسبياً) من غيره من الفروع. والرئاسة (أو الحكم) إنما تكون بالغلبة أو القوة. لذلك، فان العصبية الأقوى هي التي تسود. والرئاسة في عصبية ما، تكون -في رأيه- للفرع الأقوى من أبناء تلك العصبية. فإن ضعف، تنتقل الرئاسة للعصبية الأقوى حينها، وهكذا. ويرى أن الغاية الكبرى التي تسعى إليها العصبية الواحدة، هي الملك، أو الحكم، وتمكنها من ذلك يدعم الأمن، ويمنع الفوضى.
وقال إن الناس لا ينقادون للدولة -في رأيه- في بداية نشأتها، إلا بالقوة... ولما تستقر لها الرئاسة، ويتوالى حكامها، واحداً بعد الآخر، قد ينقاد الناس طائعين لحكومتهم، دون حاجة كبيرة، إلى قوة. وبين أن حجم الدولة ومساحتها، إنما يعتمد على حجم العصبية الحاكمة، ومدى نفوذها.
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وهكذا، نرى أن ابن خلدون يرجع قيام النظم السياسية إلى القوة، فالعصبية الأقوى تسيطر، (وتحكم)، ويزول حكمها عندما تضعف، حيث تحل محلها عصبية أقوى، وهكذا. كما أن الدول الأقوى (أو العصبيات الأقوى) تلغي الضعيفة، وتلحقها (كأجزاء) بالدول الأقوى.
وهنا، حاول توضيح طبيعة السياسة داخل الدول. وكذلك طبيعة العلاقة (الدولية) بين القوى والأضعف، على المستوى الدولي. وقد توصل ابن خلدون لهذا الرأي من ملاحظته العلمية (الثاقبة) لما كان يجري (سياسياً) في زمنه، والزمن الذي قبله (آخر العصور القديمة، ومعظم العصور الوسطى). وكان معظم ما يجري سياسياً في ذلك الزمن، يؤيد ما ذهب إليه، خاصة في المنطقة العربية.
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أما مرحلة ما بعد الثورة الفرنسية، فيمكن القول إن دور وتأثير «القوة» استمر كما هو منذ الأزل. ولكن معظم دول العالم الآن قد أخذت بآلية «الانتخاب»، والنيابة، لتداول السلطة سلماً، ومن وقت محدد لآخر. بدأ العالم بالنوع الأقدم الذي يستخدم القوة بالأسلوب الذي لاحظه ابن خلدون. حيث كان الديكتاتور يقدم نفسه كإله يعبد. ثم في مرحله لاحقة اعتبر المستبد «وكيلاً» من الآلهة لحكم الناس.. إلخ. وقد عانى البشر الكثير، بسب بطش واستبداد وظلم أغلب المستبدين بهم، وتكريس الحكم للمصالح الخاصة للحكام. وهنا بدأ المفكرون السياسيون في التفكير في بديل لـ«الاستبداد». فكان أن اكتشفوا «الديمقراطية» التي يعتبر البعض اكتشافها، وبلورتها فكرياً أولاً وعملياً ثانياً، مثل اكتشاف «العجلة»..!
ظهر هذا الاكتشاف السياسي في الفكر منذ حوالى 2550 سنة. وبدأ في تطبيقه فجأة في دول اليونان القديمة عام 500 ق. م – تقريباً. ثم اختفى من اليونان بعد سنوات قليلة، وزوال دول الإغريق القديمة. ولكنه استمر في الفكر والكتب، وفى أذهان وتحليلات مفكري السياسة، خاصة في عصر النهضة بأوروبا. ثم وضع موضع التنفيذ والتطبيق في القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي –من قبل الثورة الفرنسية (1789م). ومن فرنسا وبريطانيا اقتبسته أوروبا، ومن أوروبا اقتبسته بقية بلاد العالم. علماً بأن كل دولة تأخذ بجوهر هذا النوع من الحكومات، وتكيف التفاصيل بما يتلاءم وظروفها وخصائصها وأحوالها. فلا يوجد في العالم نظامان سياسيان متطابقان، أو متماثلان تماماً. وقد أصبح لـ «الناخب» قوة، يمنحها للمرشح الذي ينال استحسانه.
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
Whenever a country's position rises on the ladder of international power, its ability to implement its policies increases, and vice versa. A great power always has the strongest influence and the broadest impact on the course of international relations at any given time. A major power has greater capacity than a large power, but less than a great power, and so on.
Countries "vary" in their strength under the law of the jungle that governs most international relations. This variation leads to significant outcomes and differs from time to time and from case to case, whether among the countries of the world or regarding the single concerned state. If we accept that international relations are a "struggle and pursuit of power by states," then this variation in the strength of states leads to some form of differentiation.
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To "apply" this simplified scientific approach to understanding and determining the strength of any state, an extensive field and desk research is required to "measure" the degree of each element of hard power (approximately) in the concerned state, as well as the elements of soft power that characterize and are possessed by it, and to attempt to ascertain the availability of each of these elements within it. In the case of trying to measure the strength of a specific international bloc, such as the "Arab League" (for example), one can "aggregate" all the powers of the member states (both hard and soft) in this organization together to understand and determine the strength of this entity called the "Arab League" on the international stage, which is now a comprehensive regional governmental international organization, or in other words, a fragile "confederation."
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It is well known that "difference" among people is one of the fixed laws of the universe. All humans are human, sharing common general characteristics. However, each one is different from the other, whether slightly or significantly, and has a certain "specificity." The same applies to "groups," "states," and "nations" (civilizations) that differ. Humans manifest in several forms, the most important of which are: the individual, the group, the party, the organization, the state, the nation... etc. The behavior of each of these forms, whether political or otherwise, is similar due to the dominance of the human element in each form. One of the most important outcomes of this "difference" is the diversity of civilizations and their differences from one another. All are human civilizations... but each is different (materially, morally, and value-wise) from the other, and has its specificity, just like the individual. It is known that similarities in interests and values among humans (in any form they manifest) lead to affection and cooperation, while their differences lead to enmity and conflict.
"Power," in its comprehensive sense, plays the largest role in the lives of states. The role of power in action and political domination can be divided into two phases: the phase before the French Revolution and the phase after it. What Ibn Khaldun said about the origin of the state - any state - summarizes for us the role of power (or "asabiyyah") as he perceived it. "Asabiyyah," in his view, means solidarity and support, the inclination of individuals towards their relatives and tribes, and the individual standing with his family and kin against those who wish to harm them.
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Ibn Khaldun attributes the establishment of any state to the necessity of communal living that people need. Humans are social by nature. The state, in his view, is based on asabiyyah and the extent of its strength. Since each asabiyyah or human unit has a strength (power), there is necessarily a relatively stronger branch than others. Leadership (or governance) is established through dominance or power. Therefore, the strongest asabiyyah is the one that prevails. Leadership in any asabiyyah, in his view, belongs to the strongest branch of the members of that asabiyyah. If it weakens, leadership transfers to the stronger asabiyyah at that time, and so on. He believes that the ultimate goal that any single asabiyyah strives for is kingship or governance, and its ability to achieve this supports security and prevents chaos.
He stated that people do not submit to the state - in his view - at the beginning of its establishment except through power... And once leadership stabilizes, and its rulers succeed one another, people may willingly submit to their government without a significant need for power. He indicated that the size and area of the state depend on the size of the ruling asabiyyah and the extent of its influence.
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Thus, we see that Ibn Khaldun attributes the establishment of political systems to power; the strongest asabiyyah controls (and governs), and its rule ceases when it weakens, whereupon a stronger asabiyyah replaces it, and so on. Additionally, the stronger states (or the stronger asabiyyahs) eliminate the weak ones and incorporate them (as parts) into the stronger states.
Here, he tried to clarify the nature of politics within states, as well as the nature of the (international) relationship between the strong and the weak at the international level. Ibn Khaldun arrived at this opinion from his keen scientific observation of what was happening (politically) in his time and the time before it (the end of ancient times and most of the Middle Ages). Most of what was happening politically at that time supported his views, especially in the Arab region.
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As for the post-French Revolution phase, it can be said that the role and influence of "power" have continued as they have since time immemorial. However, most countries in the world have now adopted the mechanism of "election" and representation for the peaceful transfer of power, from one specified time to another. The world began with the older type that uses power in the manner observed by Ibn Khaldun, where the dictator presented himself as a god to be worshiped. Then, in a later phase, the tyrant was considered a "representative" of the gods to rule the people... etc. Humanity has suffered greatly due to the tyranny and oppression of most tyrants, and the entrenchment of governance for the private interests of rulers. Here, political thinkers began to contemplate an alternative to "tyranny." Thus, they discovered "democracy," which some consider to be its discovery and intellectual formulation first and practical application second, akin to the discovery of the "wheel"!
This political discovery emerged in thought about 2,550 years ago. It began to be applied suddenly in the ancient Greek states around 500 B.C. - approximately. Then it disappeared from Greece after a few years and the fall of the ancient Greek states. However, it continued in thought and books, and in the minds and analyses of political thinkers, especially during the Renaissance in Europe. It was then put into practice in the eighteenth century - before the French Revolution (1789). Europe borrowed it from France and Britain, and the rest of the world borrowed it from Europe. It is worth noting that each country adopts the essence of this type of government and adapts the details to suit its circumstances, characteristics, and conditions. There are no two identical political systems in the world, or completely similar. The "voter" has gained power, which he grants to the candidate he favors.
Countries "vary" in their strength under the law of the jungle that governs most international relations. This variation leads to significant outcomes and differs from time to time and from case to case, whether among the countries of the world or regarding the single concerned state. If we accept that international relations are a "struggle and pursuit of power by states," then this variation in the strength of states leads to some form of differentiation.
****
To "apply" this simplified scientific approach to understanding and determining the strength of any state, an extensive field and desk research is required to "measure" the degree of each element of hard power (approximately) in the concerned state, as well as the elements of soft power that characterize and are possessed by it, and to attempt to ascertain the availability of each of these elements within it. In the case of trying to measure the strength of a specific international bloc, such as the "Arab League" (for example), one can "aggregate" all the powers of the member states (both hard and soft) in this organization together to understand and determine the strength of this entity called the "Arab League" on the international stage, which is now a comprehensive regional governmental international organization, or in other words, a fragile "confederation."
****
It is well known that "difference" among people is one of the fixed laws of the universe. All humans are human, sharing common general characteristics. However, each one is different from the other, whether slightly or significantly, and has a certain "specificity." The same applies to "groups," "states," and "nations" (civilizations) that differ. Humans manifest in several forms, the most important of which are: the individual, the group, the party, the organization, the state, the nation... etc. The behavior of each of these forms, whether political or otherwise, is similar due to the dominance of the human element in each form. One of the most important outcomes of this "difference" is the diversity of civilizations and their differences from one another. All are human civilizations... but each is different (materially, morally, and value-wise) from the other, and has its specificity, just like the individual. It is known that similarities in interests and values among humans (in any form they manifest) lead to affection and cooperation, while their differences lead to enmity and conflict.
"Power," in its comprehensive sense, plays the largest role in the lives of states. The role of power in action and political domination can be divided into two phases: the phase before the French Revolution and the phase after it. What Ibn Khaldun said about the origin of the state - any state - summarizes for us the role of power (or "asabiyyah") as he perceived it. "Asabiyyah," in his view, means solidarity and support, the inclination of individuals towards their relatives and tribes, and the individual standing with his family and kin against those who wish to harm them.
****
Ibn Khaldun attributes the establishment of any state to the necessity of communal living that people need. Humans are social by nature. The state, in his view, is based on asabiyyah and the extent of its strength. Since each asabiyyah or human unit has a strength (power), there is necessarily a relatively stronger branch than others. Leadership (or governance) is established through dominance or power. Therefore, the strongest asabiyyah is the one that prevails. Leadership in any asabiyyah, in his view, belongs to the strongest branch of the members of that asabiyyah. If it weakens, leadership transfers to the stronger asabiyyah at that time, and so on. He believes that the ultimate goal that any single asabiyyah strives for is kingship or governance, and its ability to achieve this supports security and prevents chaos.
He stated that people do not submit to the state - in his view - at the beginning of its establishment except through power... And once leadership stabilizes, and its rulers succeed one another, people may willingly submit to their government without a significant need for power. He indicated that the size and area of the state depend on the size of the ruling asabiyyah and the extent of its influence.
****
Thus, we see that Ibn Khaldun attributes the establishment of political systems to power; the strongest asabiyyah controls (and governs), and its rule ceases when it weakens, whereupon a stronger asabiyyah replaces it, and so on. Additionally, the stronger states (or the stronger asabiyyahs) eliminate the weak ones and incorporate them (as parts) into the stronger states.
Here, he tried to clarify the nature of politics within states, as well as the nature of the (international) relationship between the strong and the weak at the international level. Ibn Khaldun arrived at this opinion from his keen scientific observation of what was happening (politically) in his time and the time before it (the end of ancient times and most of the Middle Ages). Most of what was happening politically at that time supported his views, especially in the Arab region.
****
As for the post-French Revolution phase, it can be said that the role and influence of "power" have continued as they have since time immemorial. However, most countries in the world have now adopted the mechanism of "election" and representation for the peaceful transfer of power, from one specified time to another. The world began with the older type that uses power in the manner observed by Ibn Khaldun, where the dictator presented himself as a god to be worshiped. Then, in a later phase, the tyrant was considered a "representative" of the gods to rule the people... etc. Humanity has suffered greatly due to the tyranny and oppression of most tyrants, and the entrenchment of governance for the private interests of rulers. Here, political thinkers began to contemplate an alternative to "tyranny." Thus, they discovered "democracy," which some consider to be its discovery and intellectual formulation first and practical application second, akin to the discovery of the "wheel"!
This political discovery emerged in thought about 2,550 years ago. It began to be applied suddenly in the ancient Greek states around 500 B.C. - approximately. Then it disappeared from Greece after a few years and the fall of the ancient Greek states. However, it continued in thought and books, and in the minds and analyses of political thinkers, especially during the Renaissance in Europe. It was then put into practice in the eighteenth century - before the French Revolution (1789). Europe borrowed it from France and Britain, and the rest of the world borrowed it from Europe. It is worth noting that each country adopts the essence of this type of government and adapts the details to suit its circumstances, characteristics, and conditions. There are no two identical political systems in the world, or completely similar. The "voter" has gained power, which he grants to the candidate he favors.


