منذ نهاية القرن الخامس عشر تتعاقب نظم دولية قائمة ونشطة، تتبادل احتلال مكانة الهيمنة الكونية عليها، قوىً عظمى. حركة تاريخية «ديالكتيكية» تتعاقب الأنظمة الدولية خلالها، منذ بداية الاكتشافات الجغرافية الكبرى، التي كشفت العالم الجديد بقاراته الثلاث (أمريكا الشمالية والوسطى، ثم الجنوبية)، بين المحيطين (الهادي والأطلسي). من يومها والصراع بين الدول العظمى يتبلور حول موارد العالم على اليابسة والمياه، ولا تخلو بقعة على الكوكب، إلا وكانت ذات قيمة استراتيجية واقتصادية وجيوسياسية، تستحق الصراع عليها.
أهم سمات الأنظمة الدولية المتعاقبة، أن الصراع يدور فيها وحولها وبها، بين دول، من أهمها طابعها الرسمي، مكوّنة مما عُرف، لاحقاً، بالدولة القومية الحديثة، عقب صلح وستفاليا، الذي أنهى الحروب في أوروبا (أكتوبر 1648) التي من أهم خصائصها السيادة الوطنية، لدول علمانية، تدفعها غريزة سياسية راسخة، أنانية بطبعها، للصراع بينها، من أجل الاستحواذ على أكبر قدر من الموارد الطبيعية والاستراتيجية واللوجستية، المحدودة بطبيعتها.
هذا يبدو في الماضي، حيث يبدو جوهر الصراع (سياسياً نظامياً) بين دول، وليس بين أمم وإمبراطوريات، كما كان الأمر في الماضي، حيث تدفع الصراع، آنذاك، قيم دينية ثقافية، في مجملها غيبية (ميتافيزيقية). لكن، منذ نهاية القرن الخامس عشر، أضحى هناك نظام دولي واحد أو متعدد الأقطاب، لكنه في النهاية، هو نظام رسمي، عضويته تتكون أساساً من دول ذات سيادة وطنية، يحتويها نظام دولي سائد، بقوانينه ومؤسساته، وقواعد للتعامل الدولي بينها، مُعترفٌ بها، بأعرافه المرعية.
باختصار: الأنظمة الدولية المتعاقبة هذه، عضويتها الأساسية، كانت تنحصر في الدول ذات السيادة، المتباينة في القوة والأوضاع الاقتصادية والأنظمة السياسية المختلفة (ديمقراطية أو شمولية أو أتوقراطية أو سلطوية... إلخ). لم يحدث أي تطوّر في الصورة النمطية للأنظمة الدولية، بطابعها الرسمي والنظامي المنحصر في أعضائه من الدول. لعلّ من بين علامات ضعف نظام الأمم المتحدة الحالي، ما يحصل الآن، داخل نموذج الدولة القومية الحديثة، ليكشف فعاليات مهمة، تتطوّر داخل نموذج الدولة القومية الحديثة، كاشفةً عن إرهاصات نظام دولي موازٍ يتحدى مكانة الدولة المرموقة، كضوء دولي حصري ووحيد، لنظام الأمم المتحدة القائم.
ما نشاهده اليوم من حراك شعبي للشارع في بعض الدول، مهما اختلفت أنظمتها السياسية، يتحدى الطابع الرسمي للعضوية في النظام الدولي، خارج نطاق المكانة الدولية (المرموقة)، تتحدى عضوية الدولة التقليدية، وتؤثر في حركة النظام الدولي، بعيداً عن الطابع الرسمي، ممثلاً في عضوية الدولة الحصرية للنظام الدولي، منذ نظام عصبة الأمم (1919- 1939) إلى نظام الأمم المتحدة الحالي (1945، إلى الآن)، حيث تنكرت الدول الأعضاء، لنظام الأمم المتحدة، سلوكاً وقيماً، ولم تلتزم بها، لا ضمن مجالها المحلي، ولا في مجال البيئتين الإقليمية والدولية، خارجياً.
قيم مثل: حقوق الإنسان.. والتحول الديمقراطي.. وتقرير حق الشعوب في تقرير مصيرها، بعيداً عن التبعية والخضوع للاحتلال.. وتصفية الاستعمار.. والبعد عن تسوية الخلافات بين الدول بالعنف، بل وباللجوء إلى الحلول والتسويات السلمية.. والدفع تجاه قيمة الحرية في مواجهة الاستبداد.. ومحاربة الفساد.. ووقف تسلط القوى الكبرى على مقدرات الدول الصغرى واستقلالية الأخيرة، في خيارات التنمية فيها وتوجهات سياستها الخارجية، وغير ذلك من القيم التي وردت نصاً في ميثاقي عصبة الأمم ونظام الأمم المتحدة، وفشل نظام الدولة القومية الحديثة، الامتثال لها، وإن تُشدق بها في الخطاب السياسي (العلني).
العدوان الإسرائيلي على غزة، كشف نفاق وسوء نية دول، بالذات الكبرى منها، الأعضاء في النظام الدولي الرسمي، المسؤولة عن استقرار النظام الدولي ومصير سلام العالم، مما نتج عنه حراك شعبي، عابر للقارات، في الشارع، وحتى في البحر، مثال: الرحلات الشعبية المتتالية لخرق الحصار الجائر الذي تفرضه إسرائيل على غزة، وكذا محاولات الهجرة غير الشرعية المتكررة هروباً بحثاً عن حياة أفضل، بعيداً عن أوطانها الأصلية، مما تجلى في ظاهرة سلوكية علنية، تعكس تحدياً سلمياً، وأحياناً، عنيفاً، لنموذج الدولة القومية الحديثة (العضو الوحيد الرسمي) في نظام الأمم المتحدة. المظاهرات والمَسِيرات، التي تجتاح بعض الدول، في شمال الكرة الأرضية وجنوبها، في السنتين الأخيرتين، إنما هي مثال صارخ، «للثورة الشعبية»، على نموذج الدولة القومية، قيماً وسلوكاً، التي حادت عن مسارها، وعن التزاماتها تجاه السلام واستقرار النظام الدولي. نظام موازٍ (غير رسمي)، بدأ يتشكّل على الساحتين الإقليمية والدولية، في تحدٍ صارخٍ لنموذج الدولة، كعضو وحيد وحصري، في نظام الأمم المتحدة القائم.
من الصعب القول، من الآن، أن هذا النظام الدولي غير الرسمي (الموازي) مرشحٌ ليُستبدل به النظام الدولي التقليدي القائم، ولكن كونه موازياً، من الصعب تجاهله، واستبعاد ما يمثله من تحديات للنظام الدولي القائم، بقيمه، ومؤسساته، وقوانينه، وأعرافه.
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
Since the end of the fifteenth century, successive international systems have emerged and actively exchanged dominance over global hegemony, with great powers at the forefront. This historical "dialectical" movement sees international systems succeeding one another, beginning with the major geographical discoveries that revealed the New World with its three continents (North America, Central America, and then South America), between the two oceans (the Pacific and the Atlantic). Since then, the conflict among great powers has crystallized around the world's resources on land and water, and no spot on the planet is devoid of strategic, economic, and geopolitical value that warrants conflict over it.
The most important feature of the successive international systems is that the conflict revolves in, around, and through them, among states, primarily characterized by their official nature, composed of what later became known as modern nation-states, following the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the wars in Europe (October 1648). One of its main characteristics is national sovereignty, for secular states driven by a deep-seated political instinct, inherently selfish, to compete for the acquisition of the greatest possible share of limited natural, strategic, and logistical resources.
This appears to be the case in the past, where the essence of the conflict was (politically systemic) between states, not between nations and empires, as was the case previously, where the conflict was driven by cultural religious values, largely metaphysical. However, since the end of the fifteenth century, there has been either a single or multipolar international system, but ultimately, it is an official system, whose membership primarily consists of sovereign states, contained within a prevailing international system, with its laws, institutions, and rules for international dealings among them, recognized by its established norms.
In short: the core membership of these successive international systems has been limited to sovereign states, varying in power, economic conditions, and different political systems (democratic, totalitarian, autocratic, or authoritarian, etc.). There has been no development in the stereotypical image of international systems, with their official and systemic nature confined to their member states. Perhaps one of the signs of the weakness of the current United Nations system is what is happening now within the model of the modern nation-state, revealing significant activities developing within this model, indicating the emergence of a parallel international system that challenges the prestigious status of the state as the exclusive and singular international light of the existing United Nations system.
What we see today in popular movements in the streets of some countries, regardless of their political systems, challenges the official nature of membership in the international system, outside the scope of international (prestigious) status, challenging the membership of the traditional state, and influencing the dynamics of the international system, away from the official character represented in the exclusive state membership of the international system, from the League of Nations system (1919-1939) to the current United Nations system (1945 to now), where member states have turned away from the United Nations system, in behavior and values, and have not adhered to it, neither within their local domains nor in the regional and international environments externally.
Values such as: human rights... democratic transformation... the right of peoples to self-determination, away from dependency and submission to occupation... decolonization... and the avoidance of resolving disputes between states through violence, but rather resorting to peaceful solutions and settlements... and pushing towards the value of freedom in the face of tyranny... combating corruption... and halting the dominance of great powers over the destinies of smaller states and the latter's independence in their development choices and foreign policy directions, among other values explicitly stated in the charters of the League of Nations and the United Nations system, and the failure of the modern nation-state system to comply with them, even if it boasts them in public political discourse.
The Israeli aggression against Gaza has revealed the hypocrisy and ill intentions of states, especially the major ones, members of the official international system, responsible for the stability of the international system and the fate of world peace, resulting in a popular movement that transcends continents, in the streets, and even at sea, exemplified by the successive popular trips to break the unjust siege imposed by Israel on Gaza, as well as the repeated attempts at illegal migration in search of a better life, away from their original homelands, which manifested in a public behavioral phenomenon reflecting a peaceful, and sometimes violent, challenge to the model of the modern nation-state (the only official member) in the United Nations system. The protests and marches sweeping through some countries in the northern and southern hemispheres over the past two years are a striking example of a "popular revolution" against the values and behaviors of the nation-state model, which has deviated from its path and its commitments to peace and the stability of the international system. A parallel (unofficial) system has begun to take shape on both regional and international fronts, in a blatant challenge to the model of the state as the sole and exclusive member of the existing United Nations system.
It is difficult to say, at this point, that this unofficial (parallel) international system is poised to replace the existing traditional international system, but as a parallel system, it is hard to ignore and exclude what it represents in terms of challenges to the existing international system, with its values, institutions, laws, and norms.
The most important feature of the successive international systems is that the conflict revolves in, around, and through them, among states, primarily characterized by their official nature, composed of what later became known as modern nation-states, following the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the wars in Europe (October 1648). One of its main characteristics is national sovereignty, for secular states driven by a deep-seated political instinct, inherently selfish, to compete for the acquisition of the greatest possible share of limited natural, strategic, and logistical resources.
This appears to be the case in the past, where the essence of the conflict was (politically systemic) between states, not between nations and empires, as was the case previously, where the conflict was driven by cultural religious values, largely metaphysical. However, since the end of the fifteenth century, there has been either a single or multipolar international system, but ultimately, it is an official system, whose membership primarily consists of sovereign states, contained within a prevailing international system, with its laws, institutions, and rules for international dealings among them, recognized by its established norms.
In short: the core membership of these successive international systems has been limited to sovereign states, varying in power, economic conditions, and different political systems (democratic, totalitarian, autocratic, or authoritarian, etc.). There has been no development in the stereotypical image of international systems, with their official and systemic nature confined to their member states. Perhaps one of the signs of the weakness of the current United Nations system is what is happening now within the model of the modern nation-state, revealing significant activities developing within this model, indicating the emergence of a parallel international system that challenges the prestigious status of the state as the exclusive and singular international light of the existing United Nations system.
What we see today in popular movements in the streets of some countries, regardless of their political systems, challenges the official nature of membership in the international system, outside the scope of international (prestigious) status, challenging the membership of the traditional state, and influencing the dynamics of the international system, away from the official character represented in the exclusive state membership of the international system, from the League of Nations system (1919-1939) to the current United Nations system (1945 to now), where member states have turned away from the United Nations system, in behavior and values, and have not adhered to it, neither within their local domains nor in the regional and international environments externally.
Values such as: human rights... democratic transformation... the right of peoples to self-determination, away from dependency and submission to occupation... decolonization... and the avoidance of resolving disputes between states through violence, but rather resorting to peaceful solutions and settlements... and pushing towards the value of freedom in the face of tyranny... combating corruption... and halting the dominance of great powers over the destinies of smaller states and the latter's independence in their development choices and foreign policy directions, among other values explicitly stated in the charters of the League of Nations and the United Nations system, and the failure of the modern nation-state system to comply with them, even if it boasts them in public political discourse.
The Israeli aggression against Gaza has revealed the hypocrisy and ill intentions of states, especially the major ones, members of the official international system, responsible for the stability of the international system and the fate of world peace, resulting in a popular movement that transcends continents, in the streets, and even at sea, exemplified by the successive popular trips to break the unjust siege imposed by Israel on Gaza, as well as the repeated attempts at illegal migration in search of a better life, away from their original homelands, which manifested in a public behavioral phenomenon reflecting a peaceful, and sometimes violent, challenge to the model of the modern nation-state (the only official member) in the United Nations system. The protests and marches sweeping through some countries in the northern and southern hemispheres over the past two years are a striking example of a "popular revolution" against the values and behaviors of the nation-state model, which has deviated from its path and its commitments to peace and the stability of the international system. A parallel (unofficial) system has begun to take shape on both regional and international fronts, in a blatant challenge to the model of the state as the sole and exclusive member of the existing United Nations system.
It is difficult to say, at this point, that this unofficial (parallel) international system is poised to replace the existing traditional international system, but as a parallel system, it is hard to ignore and exclude what it represents in terms of challenges to the existing international system, with its values, institutions, laws, and norms.


