في منتصف التسعينيات، دق الخبير الاقتصادي الأمريكي إريك هانوشِك ناقوس الخطر حول ما أسماه «أزمة الإنتاجية» في التعليم، مشيراً إلى أن مضاعفة الإنفاق على المدارس في الولايات المتحدة على مدى عقود لم يقابلها أي تحسن ملموس في التحصيل العلمي للطلاب. واستخدم هانوشك مفهوم «مرض بومول» (Baumol's Cost Disease) لتفسير هذه الظاهرة، حيث ترتفع تكاليف قطاعات الخدمات مثل التعليم بشكل مستمر دون أن تتمكن من تحقيق نفس مكاسب الإنتاجية التي تحققها القطاعات الصناعية، نظراً لصعوبة استبدال العنصر البشري (المعلم) بالآلات.
اليوم، وبعد مرور أكثر من عقدين، لم تعد هذه الأزمة مجرد نظرية اقتصادية، بل تحولت إلى واقع عالمي مقلق، تفاقمت حدته مع جائحة كوفيد-19 التي وصفتها اليونسكو والبنك الدولي ومنظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية (OECD) بأنها «كارثة تعليمية عالمية»، حيث انقطع أكثر من 1.6 مليار طالب عن الدراسة، وخسر الطلاب في العديد من الدول النامية ما يعادل سنة كاملة من التعلم، مما يهدد بولادة «جيل ضائع» إذا لم يتم اتخاذ إجراءات حاسمة.
إن هذا المقال لا يهدف فقط إلى عرض حجم الأزمة، بل يسعى إلى تقديم تحليل بنيوي لأسبابها وتجلياتها، استناداً إلى البيانات والأدلة، مع رؤية إستراتيجية لإنقاذ المنظومة التعليمية من «انهيار صامت» يهدد مستقبل أجيال بأكملها.
مؤشرات الانهيار البنيوي في التعليم.. تشخيص الأزمة
لم تعد الأزمة مجرد «تراجع» في الأداء، بل أصبحت تشكل «انهياراً بنيوياً» في أسس المنظومة التعليمية، حيث لم تعد المدارس قادرة على تحقيق هدفها الأساسي في إعداد جيل يمتلك المعارف والمهارات اللازمة للحياة والعمل. ويمكن رصد هذا الانهيار من خلال المؤشرات التالية:
1. تدهور التحصيل الدراسي عالمياً
أظهرت نتائج البرنامج الدولي لتقييم الطلبة (PISA 2022) تراجعاً غير مسبوق في مستويات القراءة والرياضيات على مستوى دول العالم المشاركة في الدراسة، حيث يعادل هذا الانخفاض ما يقارب ثلاثة أرباع سنة دراسية في بعض الدول، بينما يزيد على ذلك في دول أُخرى. والمقلق في الأمر أن هذا التراجع ليس وليد الجائحة فحسب، بل هو امتداد لاتجاه تنازلي بدأ قبل عام 2018، مما يؤكد وجود أزمة هيكلية عميقة.
2. هدر الموارد وضعف الكفاءة
بالرغم من ازدياد الإنفاق على التعليم في العديد من الدول بشكل مطّرد ليصل إلى أضعاف خلال سنوات محدودة، إلا أن النتائج لم تتحسن بنفس القدر. وتشير تقارير البنك الدولي إلى أن غياب الحوكمة الفعالة يؤدي إلى هدر ما بين 30% إلى 50% من الإنفاق التعليمي في مجالات لا ترتبط مباشرة بجودة التعلم، مثل البيروقراطية الإدارية والمشاريع الإنشائية غير الضرورية.
3. تآكل الثقة المجتمعية في المدرسة
يعكس الإنفاق المتزايد للأسر على الدروس الخصوصية والمدارس الخاصة انهيار الثقة في التعليم الحكومي. وقد أدى ذلك إلى انتشار ثقافة «التعليم من أجل الشهادة» بدلاً من «التعليم من أجل التعلم»، وبروز ظواهر مقلقة مثل الغياب الجماعي للطلاب والاعتماد على الملخصات الموجهة للاختبارات.
4. ضعف إعداد المعلمين وتأهيلهم
كشفت دراسة المسح الدولي للتعليم والتعلم (TALIS 2018) أن حوالى 45% من المعلمين لم يتلقوا أي تدريب مهني فعال خلال خمس سنوات، مما انعكس سلباً على أساليب التدريس التي ما زالت تعتمد على التلقين والحفظ، وتفتقر إلى الابتكار وتنمية مهارات التفكير النقدي وحل المشكلات لدى الطلاب.
5. غياب الرؤية الوطنية وأنظمة المساءلة
وفقاً لتقرير اليونسكو لعام 2021، فإن أكثر من 60% من الدول لا تمتلك رؤية وطنية واضحة للتعليم، تستند إلى مؤشرات أداء قابلة للقياس ونظام مساءلة صارم، مما يجعل الإصلاحات شكلية وغير مرتبطة بالواقع.
إن وراء هذه الأرقام حقائق أشد خطورة: فالجيل الذي عانى من إغلاق المدارس في عام 2020 وحده يُتوقع أن يخسر نحو 3% من دخله مدى الحياة، فيما قد تخسر اقتصادات الدول ما يصل إلى 1.5% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي سنوياً. هذه ليست مجرد أرقام، بل تحذير صارخ من أن ملايين الطلاب قد يدخلون سوق العمل دون المهارات الأساسية، مما يجعل التعليم عاملاً للفقر بدلاً من التمكين، وعلى مستوى الدول وفي السنوات الأخيرة، لم يعد التعليم مجرد خدمة اجتماعية، بل أصبح ركيزة اقتصادية محورية لأي دولة تطمح إلى تحقيق النمو والتنافسية في الاقتصاد العالمي.
إن انهيار النظام البنيوي للتعليم يقود إلى آثار اقتصادية من أهمها: انخفاض الإنتاجية الوطنية، خسائر في الدخل الوطني والتكاليف الخفية مثل (انخفاض كفاءة سوق العمل، وتقلص فرص الحصول على وظائف جيدة، وارتفاع الاعتماد على برامج الدعم الحكومي)، ارتفاع معدلات البطالة والتوظيف غير المنتج، تراجع القدرة التنافسية والابتكار، ارتفاع الإنفاق الحكومي على الإعانات والعلاج اللاحق.
إن الانهيار البنيوي في التعليم ليس مجرد أزمة عابرة يمكن معالجتها بمبادرات سطحية أو اجتهادات فردية، بل هو فشل في وظائف النظام التعليمي الأساسية، يتطلب مشروعاً وطنياً شاملاً لإنقاذ مستقبل أجيال بأكملها. وهنا يتبادر الي الذهن مجموعة تساؤلات: أين تعليمنا من هذه الحالة؟ هل لدينا مؤشر وطني دقيق يرصد حجم الخسائر التعليمية التي تراكمت خلال السنوات الماضية ويقيس مداها الحقيقي؟ وهل وضعنا بالفعل برنامجاً وطنياً متكاملاً لإصلاح الخلل وتعويض الفاقد التعليمي الذي انعكس على مخرجاتنا البشرية؟ إلى أي مدى نملك اليوم آليات قياس علمية تربط بين نتائج اختباراتنا الوطنية والدولية مثل TIMSS وPISA وبين السياسات والبرامج التعليمية المطبقة؟ وما زال الغائب الأكبر هو: تقدير الكلفة الاقتصادية لهذه الخسائر التعليمية، وما تسببه من فجوة في سوق العمل والتنمية الوطنية والتكلفة الاجتماعية.
إن التحدي الذي يواجه منظومة التعليم اليوم لم يعد تحسين التعليم من خلال مبادرات مجزأة أو بالاعتماد على تجارب دول لها ظروفها ومعطياتها التي تختلف كلياً عن ظروف ومعطيات الدولة التي تسعى للتطوير والإصلاح، بل إنقاذه من انهيار صامت ومتسارع أوضحته الدراسات على مدى أكثر من عقدين من الزمن. ويجب أن ندرك بأنه دون اتخاذ إجراءات حاسمة وعاجلة، سيظل تحذير هانوشك حياً، ليس فقط في الأبحاث الأكاديمية، بل في مستقبل أجيال كاملة قد تُصنف لاحقاً بـ«الجيل المنسي».
نايف الرومي
الجيل المنسي.. من أزمة الإنتاجية في التعليم إلى الانهيار البنيوي
2 سبتمبر 2025 - 13:56
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آخر تحديث 2 سبتمبر 2025 - 13:56
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
In the mid-1990s, American economist Eric Hanushek sounded the alarm about what he called the "productivity crisis" in education, pointing out that doubling spending on schools in the United States over decades has not been matched by any tangible improvement in student academic achievement. Hanushek used the concept of "Baumol's Cost Disease" to explain this phenomenon, where the costs of service sectors like education rise continuously without achieving the same productivity gains as industrial sectors, due to the difficulty of replacing the human element (the teacher) with machines.
Today, more than two decades later, this crisis is no longer just an economic theory but has turned into a concerning global reality, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which UNESCO, the World Bank, and the OECD described as a "global education catastrophe." More than 1.6 billion students were cut off from education, and students in many developing countries lost the equivalent of an entire year of learning, threatening the emergence of a "lost generation" if decisive action is not taken.
This article aims not only to present the scale of the crisis but also seeks to provide a structural analysis of its causes and manifestations, based on data and evidence, with a strategic vision to save the educational system from a "silent collapse" that threatens the future of entire generations.
Indicators of Structural Collapse in Education.. Diagnosing the Crisis
The crisis is no longer just a "decline" in performance; it has become a "structural collapse" of the foundations of the educational system, where schools are no longer able to achieve their primary goal of preparing a generation equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary for life and work. This collapse can be observed through the following indicators:
1. Deterioration of Academic Achievement Globally
The results of the 2022 International Student Assessment Program (PISA 2022) showed an unprecedented decline in reading and mathematics levels across the participating countries, with this drop equating to nearly three-quarters of a school year in some countries, while exceeding that in others. The concerning aspect is that this decline is not solely a result of the pandemic but is an extension of a downward trend that began before 2018, confirming the existence of a deep structural crisis.
2. Waste of Resources and Weak Efficiency
Despite the steady increase in education spending in many countries, reaching multiples over a limited number of years, the results have not improved to the same extent. World Bank reports indicate that the absence of effective governance leads to a waste of between 30% to 50% of educational spending in areas not directly related to the quality of learning, such as administrative bureaucracy and unnecessary construction projects.
3. Erosion of Community Trust in Schools
The increasing spending of families on private tutoring and private schools reflects a collapse of trust in public education. This has led to the spread of a culture of "education for certification" rather than "education for learning," and the emergence of concerning phenomena such as mass student absenteeism and reliance on summaries directed towards exams.
4. Weak Teacher Preparation and Qualification
A study from the 2018 International Teaching and Learning Survey (TALIS 2018) revealed that about 45% of teachers had not received any effective professional training in five years, negatively impacting teaching methods that still rely on rote learning and memorization, lacking innovation and the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills among students.
5. Absence of a National Vision and Accountability Systems
According to the 2021 UNESCO report, more than 60% of countries lack a clear national vision for education, based on measurable performance indicators and a strict accountability system, making reforms superficial and disconnected from reality.
Behind these numbers lie even more serious facts: the generation that suffered from school closures in 2020 alone is expected to lose about 3% of its lifetime income, while countries' economies may lose up to 1.5% of GDP annually. These are not just numbers but a stark warning that millions of students may enter the labor market without basic skills, turning education into a factor of poverty rather than empowerment. At the level of countries, in recent years, education has ceased to be merely a social service; it has become a pivotal economic pillar for any country aspiring to achieve growth and competitiveness in the global economy.
The collapse of the structural system of education leads to economic effects, the most important of which are: a decrease in national productivity, losses in national income, and hidden costs such as (decreased labor market efficiency, reduced opportunities for obtaining good jobs, and increased reliance on government support programs), rising unemployment rates and unproductive employment, declining competitiveness and innovation, and increased government spending on subsidies and subsequent treatment.
The structural collapse in education is not just a transient crisis that can be addressed with superficial initiatives or individual efforts; it is a failure in the fundamental functions of the educational system, requiring a comprehensive national project to save the future of entire generations. Here, a set of questions comes to mind: Where does our education stand in this situation? Do we have an accurate national indicator that tracks the scale of educational losses accumulated over the past years and measures their true extent? Have we indeed established a comprehensive national program to rectify the imbalance and compensate for the educational loss reflected in our human outputs? To what extent do we today have scientific measurement mechanisms that link the results of our national and international tests such as TIMSS and PISA to the educational policies and programs implemented? And the biggest missing element remains: estimating the economic cost of these educational losses and what they cause in terms of gaps in the labor market, national development, and social costs.
The challenge facing the education system today is no longer about improving education through fragmented initiatives or relying on the experiences of countries with conditions and data that differ entirely from those of the country seeking development and reform, but rather saving it from a silent and accelerating collapse that has been highlighted by studies over more than two decades. We must realize that without taking decisive and urgent action, Hanushek's warning will remain alive, not only in academic research but in the future of entire generations that may later be classified as the "forgotten generation."
Today, more than two decades later, this crisis is no longer just an economic theory but has turned into a concerning global reality, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which UNESCO, the World Bank, and the OECD described as a "global education catastrophe." More than 1.6 billion students were cut off from education, and students in many developing countries lost the equivalent of an entire year of learning, threatening the emergence of a "lost generation" if decisive action is not taken.
This article aims not only to present the scale of the crisis but also seeks to provide a structural analysis of its causes and manifestations, based on data and evidence, with a strategic vision to save the educational system from a "silent collapse" that threatens the future of entire generations.
Indicators of Structural Collapse in Education.. Diagnosing the Crisis
The crisis is no longer just a "decline" in performance; it has become a "structural collapse" of the foundations of the educational system, where schools are no longer able to achieve their primary goal of preparing a generation equipped with the knowledge and skills necessary for life and work. This collapse can be observed through the following indicators:
1. Deterioration of Academic Achievement Globally
The results of the 2022 International Student Assessment Program (PISA 2022) showed an unprecedented decline in reading and mathematics levels across the participating countries, with this drop equating to nearly three-quarters of a school year in some countries, while exceeding that in others. The concerning aspect is that this decline is not solely a result of the pandemic but is an extension of a downward trend that began before 2018, confirming the existence of a deep structural crisis.
2. Waste of Resources and Weak Efficiency
Despite the steady increase in education spending in many countries, reaching multiples over a limited number of years, the results have not improved to the same extent. World Bank reports indicate that the absence of effective governance leads to a waste of between 30% to 50% of educational spending in areas not directly related to the quality of learning, such as administrative bureaucracy and unnecessary construction projects.
3. Erosion of Community Trust in Schools
The increasing spending of families on private tutoring and private schools reflects a collapse of trust in public education. This has led to the spread of a culture of "education for certification" rather than "education for learning," and the emergence of concerning phenomena such as mass student absenteeism and reliance on summaries directed towards exams.
4. Weak Teacher Preparation and Qualification
A study from the 2018 International Teaching and Learning Survey (TALIS 2018) revealed that about 45% of teachers had not received any effective professional training in five years, negatively impacting teaching methods that still rely on rote learning and memorization, lacking innovation and the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills among students.
5. Absence of a National Vision and Accountability Systems
According to the 2021 UNESCO report, more than 60% of countries lack a clear national vision for education, based on measurable performance indicators and a strict accountability system, making reforms superficial and disconnected from reality.
Behind these numbers lie even more serious facts: the generation that suffered from school closures in 2020 alone is expected to lose about 3% of its lifetime income, while countries' economies may lose up to 1.5% of GDP annually. These are not just numbers but a stark warning that millions of students may enter the labor market without basic skills, turning education into a factor of poverty rather than empowerment. At the level of countries, in recent years, education has ceased to be merely a social service; it has become a pivotal economic pillar for any country aspiring to achieve growth and competitiveness in the global economy.
The collapse of the structural system of education leads to economic effects, the most important of which are: a decrease in national productivity, losses in national income, and hidden costs such as (decreased labor market efficiency, reduced opportunities for obtaining good jobs, and increased reliance on government support programs), rising unemployment rates and unproductive employment, declining competitiveness and innovation, and increased government spending on subsidies and subsequent treatment.
The structural collapse in education is not just a transient crisis that can be addressed with superficial initiatives or individual efforts; it is a failure in the fundamental functions of the educational system, requiring a comprehensive national project to save the future of entire generations. Here, a set of questions comes to mind: Where does our education stand in this situation? Do we have an accurate national indicator that tracks the scale of educational losses accumulated over the past years and measures their true extent? Have we indeed established a comprehensive national program to rectify the imbalance and compensate for the educational loss reflected in our human outputs? To what extent do we today have scientific measurement mechanisms that link the results of our national and international tests such as TIMSS and PISA to the educational policies and programs implemented? And the biggest missing element remains: estimating the economic cost of these educational losses and what they cause in terms of gaps in the labor market, national development, and social costs.
The challenge facing the education system today is no longer about improving education through fragmented initiatives or relying on the experiences of countries with conditions and data that differ entirely from those of the country seeking development and reform, but rather saving it from a silent and accelerating collapse that has been highlighted by studies over more than two decades. We must realize that without taking decisive and urgent action, Hanushek's warning will remain alive, not only in academic research but in the future of entire generations that may later be classified as the "forgotten generation."


