عندما يزاح الرئيس الديكتاتور، رأس النظام، في أي بلد، تدخل البلد المعني في ما يسمى بـ«المرحلة الانتقالية»... حيث تكون سلطة انتقالية «مؤقتة» (مجلس حاكم)... تدير البلاد، لمدة محددة، لا تقل غالباً عن سنة واحدة، ريثما يتم فيها إجراء انتخابات رئاسية وتشريعية جديدة، وتقام حكومة جديدة. لهذه السلطة المؤقتة؛ ممثلةً في مجلس سيادي أعلى، أهمية مرحلية بالغة. فمستقبل البلد المعني يعتمد على ما تقرره حقيقة، وما تفعله أثناء توليها. لذا، تصر قيادات الهبات الشعبية على أن يكون المجلس الانتقالي الأعلى مكوناً من هذه القيادات، وعدد أقل مناسب -في حالة الانقلابات العسكرية- من قياديي العسكريين، حتى لا يطغى العسكر على سياساته وقراراته. وبالنسبة لسوريا، لم يكن للعسكر أي دور في ما حصل. فالجيش النظامي، تبعثر، وتفكك، بعد تولي الشرع السلطة، وبعد تحطيم إسرائيل حوالي 80% منه.
أما في الانقلابات العسكرية، التي تحصل في الدول النامية المختلفة، من وقت لآخر، فما حصل بسوريا ليس انقلاباً عسكرياً. وفي الانقلابات العسكرية، غالباً ما يصر العسكر على تشكيل كامل المجلس الانتقالي، أو السماح لعدد أقل من المدنيين (قادة الأحزاب والمجموعات السياسية) في عضويته. فهذا المجلس سيشرف غالباً على وضع دستور جديد للبلاد، وإقامة الانتخابات الرئاسية والبرلمانية التي سيتمخض عنها نظام سياسي جديد، قد يحدد مصير البلد المعني لسنوات، أو عقود قادمة.
أما في سوريا، فقد تولت مجموعة الشرع السلطة، وبدأت تتصرف كمجلس انتقالي. وليس ذلك العمل إلا مشروعاً ومقبولاً في مجال السياسة. ويعامل كانقلاب عسكري، أو كانقلاب. ومعروف أن الانقلابات السياسية قد تكون عسكرية، وقد تكون غير ذلك، كانتصار مجموعة مقاومة معينة، والسيطرة على السلطة، كما حصل بسورية..
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إن السلطة الانتقالية المؤقتة، ممثلة بالمجلس السيادي الأعلى، في الانقلابات العسكرية، وفي غيرها، ستفعل، في هذه المرحلة، أحد أمرين:
- إما أن تعيد إنتاج النظام السابق، بشكل أو آخر، أو:
- تحرص على عمل نظام سياسي جديد، وإجراء انتخابات رئاسية وتشريعية نزيهة... تنتج عنها حكومة ممثلة للشعب فعلاً، ومستجيبة لرغبات غالبيته.
وبالتأكيد، فإن حكومة الشرع، قد جنحت للخيار الثاني.
في حالة الانقلابات العسكرية، كثيراً ما يجنح العسكر للخيار الأول، حيث يرشح بعض قادة العسكر -خاصة بعض رموز النظام السابق- أنفسهم، ويتولى أحدهم الرئاسة، بعد أن يخلع البزة العسكرية. ويتم «ترتيب» الانتخابات، بما يضمن فوزه ورفاقه. هنا يكون البلد قد استبدل ديكتاتوراً بآخر. وسيعمل الرئيس الجديد على أن يكون لديه برلمان طوع بنانه... وتنسى الهبة الشعبية، وينسى الانقلاب. ولأن كل دول العالم الديمقراطية الحالية ترفض الحكومات العسكرية الصريحة، تبذل الحكومة الجديدة قصارى جهدها لتظهر بأنها مدنية، تمثل شعبها، لا القلة العسكرية فيه فقط؟!
أما إن حرص الجيش على تسليم السلطة للمدنيين (الشعب) كما يتوجب، وكما تريد غالبية الشعوب المنتفضة، وعمل على ضمان إجراء انتخابات رئاسية وتشريعية سليمة، ثم عاد إلى ثكناته، مقره ومكانه الطبيعي، فإنه يكون بذلك، قد أبدى نزاهة ووطنية، ومهنية رفيعة، ونقل بلاده لنظام تقبله غالبية الشعب المعني، ويضمن للبلاد الأمن والاستقرار الحقيقي، في المدى الطويل، وحتى لا تتكرر (بعد حين) الهبات الشعبية باهظة الثمن والتضحيات، حتى لو كانت سلمية... ويندر القادة الذين يؤثرون مصلحة شعبهم على بريق السلطة.
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وهناك ما يسمى بـ«الطب السياسي» (أو الإجراءات الإصلاحية السياسية الحكيمة) التي بواسطتها تعالج الدول المضطربة سياسياً، أو الدول المريضة سياسياً، إن تمكن إخضاعها للعلاج. وتداوى تلك المهددة بانهيار وشيك، أو اضطراب سياسي حاد، أو «حرب أهلية» في الأفق، أو ما شابه ذلك. وهذا ما يفترض من موضوع التنمية السياسية القيام به. ومن صور «الطب السياسي»، المشار إليه: قيام منظمات، أو دول أخرى، أو شخصيات ذات خبرة وتأثير، من داخل وخارج تلك البلاد، باستخدام كل ما يمكنها استخدامه من جهود واتصالات، لوقف ذلك العناء، وإعادة الحياة الطبيعية للبلاد المعنية، إلى ما كانت عليه، أو أحسن... عبر: الوساطة (النزيهة) بين الفرقاء المعنيين. وإن كان «علم السياسة» يقدم «تطبيباً» لـ«الجراح والأمراض السياسية» المختلفة، فإن من أبرز صور هذا التطبيب هي ذلك المسعى، أو ما يسمى بـ«التدخل السياسي الحميد»، إن حسنت نياته بالفعل، والذي كثيراً ما ينتج عنه شفاء أمراض سياسية عضال مختلفة، وإعادة الاستقرار إلى بلاد افتقدته.
والواقع، أن التنمية السياسية الإيجابية تضمن الحفاظ على «صحة الدولة»، أية دولة، وضمان استقرارها السياسي، وتوحدها. في الحالة السورية، لا يبدو أنهم بحاجة لوساطة، سواء عربية، أو أجنبية. ولكنهم بحاجة لمزيد من التأييد الشعبي. وهذا لا يمكن الحصول عليه إلا بتمثيل كل فئات الشعب السوري، بمن فيهم الأكراد، وحتى الدروز، وغيرهما. ولهذا الحديث صلة.
صدقة يحيى فاضل
ما زالت سوريا في «الفترة الانتقالية».. !
18 مايو 2025 - 00:17
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آخر تحديث 18 مايو 2025 - 00:17
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
When the dictator president, the head of the regime, is ousted in any country, the country in question enters what is known as the "transitional phase"... where a "temporary" transitional authority (a ruling council) manages the country for a specified period, often no less than one year, until new presidential and legislative elections are held, and a new government is established. This temporary authority, represented by a higher sovereign council, holds significant transitional importance. The future of the concerned country depends on what it decides and what it does during its tenure. Therefore, the leaders of popular uprisings insist that the higher transitional council be composed of these leaders, along with a smaller, appropriate number— in the case of military coups— of military leaders, so that the military does not dominate its policies and decisions. As for Syria, the military had no role in what happened. The regular army scattered and disintegrated after al-Shara took power and after Israel destroyed about 80% of it.
As for military coups that occur in various developing countries from time to time, what happened in Syria is not a military coup. In military coups, the military often insists on forming the entire transitional council or allowing only a few civilians (party leaders and political group leaders) to be part of it. This council will often oversee the drafting of a new constitution for the country and the holding of presidential and parliamentary elections that will result in a new political system, which may determine the fate of the concerned country for years or decades to come.
In Syria, a group led by al-Shara took power and began to act as a transitional council. This action is nothing but legitimate and acceptable in the realm of politics. It is treated as a military coup or a coup. It is known that political coups can be military or otherwise, such as the victory of a certain resistance group and its takeover of power, as happened in Syria.
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The temporary transitional authority, represented by the higher sovereign council, in military coups and otherwise, will do one of two things during this phase:
- Either it will reproduce the previous regime in one form or another, or:
- It will strive to create a new political system and conduct fair presidential and legislative elections... resulting in a government that truly represents the people and responds to the desires of the majority.
Certainly, al-Shara's government has leaned towards the second option.
In the case of military coups, the military often leans towards the first option, where some military leaders—especially some symbols of the previous regime—nominate themselves, and one of them assumes the presidency after removing the military uniform. The elections are "arranged" to ensure his victory and that of his companions. At this point, the country has replaced one dictator with another. The new president will work to have a parliament at his beck and call... and the popular uprising is forgotten, as is the coup. And because all current democratic countries in the world reject overt military governments, the new government exerts its utmost effort to appear as civilian, representing its people, not just the military minority within it?!
However, if the military is keen to hand over power to civilians (the people) as it should, and as the majority of the uprising peoples desire, and works to ensure the conduct of sound presidential and legislative elections, then returns to its barracks, its headquarters, and its natural place, it would have shown integrity, patriotism, and high professionalism, and would have transitioned its country to a system accepted by the majority of the concerned people, ensuring real security and stability for the country in the long term, so that popular uprisings, which are costly and involve sacrifices—even if peaceful—do not recur after a while... and leaders who prioritize the interests of their people over the allure of power are rare.
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There is what is called "political medicine" (or wise political reform procedures) through which politically troubled or politically sick countries are treated, if they can be subjected to treatment. Those threatened with imminent collapse, acute political turmoil, or "civil war" on the horizon, or similar situations are treated. This is what the topic of political development is supposed to address. Among the forms of "political medicine" referred to is the establishment of organizations, or other countries, or influential and experienced figures, both from within and outside those countries, using all possible efforts and communications to stop that suffering and restore normal life to the concerned countries, to what it was or better... through: (honest) mediation among the concerned parties. If "political science" provides "treatment" for various "political wounds and diseases," one of the most prominent forms of this treatment is that endeavor, or what is called "benign political intervention," if its intentions are indeed good, which often results in healing various chronic political diseases and restoring stability to countries that have lost it.
In reality, positive political development ensures the preservation of the "health of the state," any state, and guarantees its political stability and unity. In the Syrian case, they do not seem to need mediation, whether Arab or foreign. However, they need more popular support. This can only be achieved by representing all segments of the Syrian people, including the Kurds, Druze, and others. This discussion is related.
As for military coups that occur in various developing countries from time to time, what happened in Syria is not a military coup. In military coups, the military often insists on forming the entire transitional council or allowing only a few civilians (party leaders and political group leaders) to be part of it. This council will often oversee the drafting of a new constitution for the country and the holding of presidential and parliamentary elections that will result in a new political system, which may determine the fate of the concerned country for years or decades to come.
In Syria, a group led by al-Shara took power and began to act as a transitional council. This action is nothing but legitimate and acceptable in the realm of politics. It is treated as a military coup or a coup. It is known that political coups can be military or otherwise, such as the victory of a certain resistance group and its takeover of power, as happened in Syria.
****
The temporary transitional authority, represented by the higher sovereign council, in military coups and otherwise, will do one of two things during this phase:
- Either it will reproduce the previous regime in one form or another, or:
- It will strive to create a new political system and conduct fair presidential and legislative elections... resulting in a government that truly represents the people and responds to the desires of the majority.
Certainly, al-Shara's government has leaned towards the second option.
In the case of military coups, the military often leans towards the first option, where some military leaders—especially some symbols of the previous regime—nominate themselves, and one of them assumes the presidency after removing the military uniform. The elections are "arranged" to ensure his victory and that of his companions. At this point, the country has replaced one dictator with another. The new president will work to have a parliament at his beck and call... and the popular uprising is forgotten, as is the coup. And because all current democratic countries in the world reject overt military governments, the new government exerts its utmost effort to appear as civilian, representing its people, not just the military minority within it?!
However, if the military is keen to hand over power to civilians (the people) as it should, and as the majority of the uprising peoples desire, and works to ensure the conduct of sound presidential and legislative elections, then returns to its barracks, its headquarters, and its natural place, it would have shown integrity, patriotism, and high professionalism, and would have transitioned its country to a system accepted by the majority of the concerned people, ensuring real security and stability for the country in the long term, so that popular uprisings, which are costly and involve sacrifices—even if peaceful—do not recur after a while... and leaders who prioritize the interests of their people over the allure of power are rare.
****
There is what is called "political medicine" (or wise political reform procedures) through which politically troubled or politically sick countries are treated, if they can be subjected to treatment. Those threatened with imminent collapse, acute political turmoil, or "civil war" on the horizon, or similar situations are treated. This is what the topic of political development is supposed to address. Among the forms of "political medicine" referred to is the establishment of organizations, or other countries, or influential and experienced figures, both from within and outside those countries, using all possible efforts and communications to stop that suffering and restore normal life to the concerned countries, to what it was or better... through: (honest) mediation among the concerned parties. If "political science" provides "treatment" for various "political wounds and diseases," one of the most prominent forms of this treatment is that endeavor, or what is called "benign political intervention," if its intentions are indeed good, which often results in healing various chronic political diseases and restoring stability to countries that have lost it.
In reality, positive political development ensures the preservation of the "health of the state," any state, and guarantees its political stability and unity. In the Syrian case, they do not seem to need mediation, whether Arab or foreign. However, they need more popular support. This can only be achieved by representing all segments of the Syrian people, including the Kurds, Druze, and others. This discussion is related.


