بحلول يوم الجمعة 16 مايو 2025م (الموافق 18/ 11 / 1446هـ)، تكون قد مرت 109 أعوام على الاتفاق الاستعماري الشهير، سايكس - بيكو، الذي تعرضت له المنطقة العربية، وما زال معظمها خاضعاً له، ومنفذاً له، ويعاني من تبعاته السلبية كثيراً. إذ تم قبل قرن وعقد (يوم 16 / 5 / 1916م) إبرام ما عُرف فيما بعد باتفاقية سايكس – بيكو، بين بريطانيا وفرنسا، والتي بموجبها تم تقسيم العالم العربي، وتقاسم أراضيه، فيما بين الدولتين الاستعماريتين بريطانيا، ممثلة بالدبلوماسي البريطاني مارك سايكس، وفرنسا، ممثلة بالدبلوماسي فرانسوا جورج بيكو. وقد عرفت هذه الاتفاقية باسميهما.
كانت معاهدة بريطانية – فرنسية سرية، شاركت فيها روسيا القيصرية التي كانت تتطلع لنشر نفوذ لها بالمنطقة، ولكنها سقطت بقيام الثورة البلشفية في روسيا، في أكتوبر 1917م. وقد كشفت هذه الاتفاقية، أول ما كشفت، من قبل الزعماء البلاشفة الروس الشيوعيين. فأحدث الإعلان عنها ردود فعل عربية وغير عربية غاضبة. من ذلك: قيام الثورة العربية بقيادة الشريف حسين. اضطرت بريطانيا، تحت ضغوط ردود الفعل، العربية والعالمية، هذه، إلى إجراء بعض التعديلات الطفيفة عليها... أدت إلى قيام بعض الدول العربية شبه المستقلة.
ولكن بريطانيا طعنت العرب بخنجر غدرها المشهود، فأصدرت يوم 2 نوفمبر 1917م وعداً بإعطاء فلسطين للصهاينة، لتكوين «وطن قومي يهودي» فيها. وهو الوعد الشهير بـ«وعد بلفور»، نسبة لوزير خارجية بريطانيا آنئذ. فوضعت بريطانيا بذلك الأساس لدويلة إسرائيل، وأعطت أرضاً لا تملكها لعصابات لا تستحقها. ولم تكتف بريطانيا بذلك، بل سهلت قيام الكيان الصهيوني ودعمه حتى الآن، بعد زرعه في قلب الأمة العربية. وما زال هذا الدعم متواصلاً.
ولامتصاص الشعور القومي العربي المتزايد، في تلك الآونة، نحو الاتحاد العربي، رتبت بريطانيا لإقامة «جامعة الدول العربية» بميثاقها المعروف... الذي يوحد العرب اسمياً، ويفرق بينهم ويمزقهم أشتاتاً في الواقع العملي كما هو معروف من قبل جميع المعنيين. ومع ذلك، يجب ألا تلام بريطانيا وحدها على هذه الفرقة، التي يجب أن يتحمل أغلب العرب، ماضياً وحاضراً، وخاصة نخبهم، معظم مسؤوليتها.
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بدئ في التمهيد لمعاهدة سايكس – بيكو خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى التي اندلعت عام 1914م، واستمرت حتى عام 1918م، وعندما كانت الدولة العثمانية تترنح، حتى أطلقت عليها صفة «الرجل المريض»، والذي أصبحت مناطق نفوذه وممتلكاته وسيادته نهباً للمستعمرين والطامعين الأوربيين، الذين تكالبوا عليها بشراسة. وقد سبق إبرام هذا الاتفاق عقد مفاوضات سرية بين بريطانيا وفرنسا لاقتسام العالم العربي بعد تقسيمه، وترك لفرانسوا بيكو ومارك سايكس تنفيذ ما اتفق عليه، وإكمال إجراءات التقسيم المقترح، والقسمة المبيتة على الأرض.
جيء بخارطة للمنطقة، وبدئ في رسم الحدود المقترحة لمعظم بلادها. رسم سايكس خطاً يمتد من مدينة عكا بفلسطين إلى مدينة كركوك بالعراق... مقسماً المنطقة إلى نصفين، دون مراعاة للاختلافات العرقية والمذهبية. أُعطيت سوريا وما جاورها للفرنسيين، والعراق وجنوب شبه الجزيرة العربية للبريطانيين، وكذلك بقية المناطق على النحو الذي استمر حتى الوقت الحاضر. ولم تقم دولة كردية.
وبعد انكشاف أمر هذه الاتفاقية، وقع البريطانيون والفرنسيون في حرج كبير أمام المجتمع الدولي، خاصة في فترة كان المجتمع الدولي فيها يعمل على إنهاء الاستعمار القديم. وتخفيفاً لهذا الحرج، حاولت بريطانيا وفرنسا الإيحاء للعالم بأنهما بهذا الاتفاق تمهدان لاستقلال هذه البلاد رسمياً. ومع ذلك، تم التأكيد على محتوى هذه الاتفاقية في مؤتمر سان ريمو عام 1920م، ثم أقر مجلس عصبة الأمم وثائق «الانتداب» على المناطق المعنية وفق ما اتفق عليه سايكس وبيكو.
وأكدت معاهدة لوزان عام 1923م ما اتفق عليه، مع إجراء تعديلات طفيفة... شملت التنازل عن أجزاء من شمال سوريا لتركيا، وغيرها. وفى المغرب العربي، تناوبت كل من بريطانيا وفرنسا وإسبانيا وإيطاليا على رسم الحدود في ما بين البلاد المغاربية العربية. فأصبحت هناك، في نهاية الأمر، 22 دولة عربية بحدود تم التوافق عليها عالمياً، ومن ثم عربياً.
إن أسوأ ما تمخض عن اتفاقية سايكس – بيكو هو تمزيق العالم العربي، ورسم حدوده بما يتوافق ومصالح الغرباء والمستعمرين، وبما تسبب لاحقاً في نشوء مشاكل عربية - عربية لا حصر لها. هذا، إضافة إلى زرع الكيان الصهيوني الدخيل في قلب الوطن العربي، ليمثل قاعدة متقدمة، تهدف لإيذاء وإضعاف وتدمير هذا الوطن الكبير، وعرقلة أي محاولة جادة له للنهوض والازدهار والاتحاد. ويقوم الكيان الصهيوني بدوره الهدام هذا منذ نشوئه في العام 1948م. ثم قامت فرنسا وبريطانيا بتسليم الراية (المنطقة) لأمريكا. فواصلت أمريكا النهج، وطبقته أضعافاً مضاعفة. فكانت المأساة - وما زالت - أشد إيلاماً، وأكثر خطورة.
صدقة يحيى فاضل
سايكس – بيكو: ماضٍ وحاضر بائس...؟!
15 يونيو 2025 - 00:06
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آخر تحديث 15 يونيو 2025 - 00:06
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
By Friday, May 16, 2025 (corresponding to 18/11/1446 AH), 109 years will have passed since the famous colonial agreement, Sykes-Picot, which affected the Arab region, most of which remains subject to it, implementing it, and suffering greatly from its negative repercussions. A century and a decade ago (on May 16, 1916), what later became known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement was concluded between Britain and France, under which the Arab world was divided and its lands shared between the two colonial powers: Britain, represented by British diplomat Mark Sykes, and France, represented by diplomat François Georges-Picot. This agreement is known by their names.
It was a secret British-French treaty, in which Tsarist Russia participated, seeking to expand its influence in the region, but it collapsed with the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in October 1917. The agreement was first revealed by the Bolshevik leaders of the Russian communists. Its announcement sparked angry reactions from both Arab and non-Arab communities, including the Arab Revolution led by Sharif Hussein. Under pressure from these Arab and global reactions, Britain was forced to make some minor adjustments to it... which led to the establishment of some semi-independent Arab states.
However, Britain stabbed the Arabs in the back with its notorious dagger of treachery, issuing on November 2, 1917, a promise to give Palestine to the Zionists to establish a "national home for the Jews" there. This promise is famously known as the "Balfour Declaration," named after the British Foreign Secretary at the time. Thus, Britain laid the foundation for the state of Israel, giving land it did not own to gangs that did not deserve it. Britain did not stop there; it facilitated the establishment of the Zionist entity and its support continues to this day, after planting it in the heart of the Arab nation. This support is ongoing.
To absorb the rising Arab nationalist sentiment at that time towards Arab unity, Britain arranged for the establishment of the "Arab League" with its well-known charter... which nominally unites the Arabs but practically divides and tears them apart, as is well known by all concerned. Nevertheless, Britain should not be blamed alone for this division, which most Arabs, past and present, especially their elites, must bear the majority of the responsibility for.
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The groundwork for the Sykes-Picot Agreement began during World War I, which erupted in 1914 and lasted until 1918, at a time when the Ottoman Empire was faltering, earning it the label "the sick man of Europe," with its areas of influence, possessions, and sovereignty becoming prey to European colonizers and opportunists who fiercely competed for it. Prior to the conclusion of this agreement, secret negotiations took place between Britain and France to divide the Arab world after its partition, leaving François Picot and Mark Sykes to implement what had been agreed upon and complete the proposed division and the covert partition of the land.
A map of the region was brought in, and the proposed borders for most of its countries were drawn. Sykes drew a line extending from the city of Acre in Palestine to the city of Kirkuk in Iraq... dividing the region into halves, without regard for ethnic and sectarian differences. Syria and its neighboring areas were assigned to the French, while Iraq and the southern Arabian Peninsula were assigned to the British, as well as the remaining areas in a manner that has persisted to the present day. No Kurdish state was established.
After the exposure of this agreement, the British and French found themselves in great embarrassment before the international community, especially at a time when the international community was working to end old colonialism. To alleviate this embarrassment, Britain and France tried to suggest to the world that through this agreement they were paving the way for the official independence of these countries. Nevertheless, the content of this agreement was reaffirmed at the San Remo Conference in 1920, and then the League of Nations Council approved the "mandate" documents for the relevant areas according to what Sykes and Picot had agreed upon.
The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 confirmed what had been agreed upon, with minor adjustments... including the cession of parts of northern Syria to Turkey, among others. In the Maghreb, Britain, France, Spain, and Italy took turns drawing the borders among the Arab Maghreb countries. Ultimately, there were 22 Arab states with borders agreed upon globally, and then Arabically.
The worst outcome of the Sykes-Picot Agreement was the fragmentation of the Arab world and the drawing of its borders in accordance with the interests of foreigners and colonizers, which later led to countless Arab-Arab problems. In addition, the alien Zionist entity was planted in the heart of the Arab homeland, representing a forward base aimed at harming, weakening, and destroying this great homeland, and obstructing any serious attempt for it to rise, prosper, and unite. The Zionist entity has been carrying out this destructive role since its establishment in 1948. Then France and Britain handed over the banner (the region) to America, which continued the approach and applied it many times over. Thus, the tragedy has been - and still is - more painful and more dangerous.
It was a secret British-French treaty, in which Tsarist Russia participated, seeking to expand its influence in the region, but it collapsed with the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in October 1917. The agreement was first revealed by the Bolshevik leaders of the Russian communists. Its announcement sparked angry reactions from both Arab and non-Arab communities, including the Arab Revolution led by Sharif Hussein. Under pressure from these Arab and global reactions, Britain was forced to make some minor adjustments to it... which led to the establishment of some semi-independent Arab states.
However, Britain stabbed the Arabs in the back with its notorious dagger of treachery, issuing on November 2, 1917, a promise to give Palestine to the Zionists to establish a "national home for the Jews" there. This promise is famously known as the "Balfour Declaration," named after the British Foreign Secretary at the time. Thus, Britain laid the foundation for the state of Israel, giving land it did not own to gangs that did not deserve it. Britain did not stop there; it facilitated the establishment of the Zionist entity and its support continues to this day, after planting it in the heart of the Arab nation. This support is ongoing.
To absorb the rising Arab nationalist sentiment at that time towards Arab unity, Britain arranged for the establishment of the "Arab League" with its well-known charter... which nominally unites the Arabs but practically divides and tears them apart, as is well known by all concerned. Nevertheless, Britain should not be blamed alone for this division, which most Arabs, past and present, especially their elites, must bear the majority of the responsibility for.
****
The groundwork for the Sykes-Picot Agreement began during World War I, which erupted in 1914 and lasted until 1918, at a time when the Ottoman Empire was faltering, earning it the label "the sick man of Europe," with its areas of influence, possessions, and sovereignty becoming prey to European colonizers and opportunists who fiercely competed for it. Prior to the conclusion of this agreement, secret negotiations took place between Britain and France to divide the Arab world after its partition, leaving François Picot and Mark Sykes to implement what had been agreed upon and complete the proposed division and the covert partition of the land.
A map of the region was brought in, and the proposed borders for most of its countries were drawn. Sykes drew a line extending from the city of Acre in Palestine to the city of Kirkuk in Iraq... dividing the region into halves, without regard for ethnic and sectarian differences. Syria and its neighboring areas were assigned to the French, while Iraq and the southern Arabian Peninsula were assigned to the British, as well as the remaining areas in a manner that has persisted to the present day. No Kurdish state was established.
After the exposure of this agreement, the British and French found themselves in great embarrassment before the international community, especially at a time when the international community was working to end old colonialism. To alleviate this embarrassment, Britain and France tried to suggest to the world that through this agreement they were paving the way for the official independence of these countries. Nevertheless, the content of this agreement was reaffirmed at the San Remo Conference in 1920, and then the League of Nations Council approved the "mandate" documents for the relevant areas according to what Sykes and Picot had agreed upon.
The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 confirmed what had been agreed upon, with minor adjustments... including the cession of parts of northern Syria to Turkey, among others. In the Maghreb, Britain, France, Spain, and Italy took turns drawing the borders among the Arab Maghreb countries. Ultimately, there were 22 Arab states with borders agreed upon globally, and then Arabically.
The worst outcome of the Sykes-Picot Agreement was the fragmentation of the Arab world and the drawing of its borders in accordance with the interests of foreigners and colonizers, which later led to countless Arab-Arab problems. In addition, the alien Zionist entity was planted in the heart of the Arab homeland, representing a forward base aimed at harming, weakening, and destroying this great homeland, and obstructing any serious attempt for it to rise, prosper, and unite. The Zionist entity has been carrying out this destructive role since its establishment in 1948. Then France and Britain handed over the banner (the region) to America, which continued the approach and applied it many times over. Thus, the tragedy has been - and still is - more painful and more dangerous.


