فيما ساد جدل حول الفروقات في الدعاوى التي ترفع على أصحاب المؤسسات وأصحاب الشركات، أكد المحامي عبدالله محمد الكاسب لـ«عكاظ»، أن المؤسسة الفردية هي التي تعود ملكيتها إلى شخص واحد، ولا تثبت لها شخصية اعتبارية أو قانونية مستقلة عن ذمة مالكها ولا ذمة مالية مستقلة، ولا تخضع في أحكامها لنظام الشركات. ولكون المؤسسات الفردية مرتبطة بذمة ملاكها ارتباطاً لا ينفض أبداً، وعلى ذلك في حال وجود نزاع قضائي ضد أي مؤسسة فردية فإنه يحق للمدعي مطالبة مالك المؤسسة مباشرة أو ضمه بجانب المؤسسة كمدعى عليه في الدعاوى القضائية، كون الذمة بين المؤسسة ومالكها مرتبطة ببعض.
وأضاف الكاسب، على نقيض ذلك في الشركات، كون المنظم عرَّف الشركة بأنها كيان قانوني يؤسس وفقاً لأحكام النظام بناء على عقد تأسيس أو نظام أساس يلتزم بمقتضاه شخصان أو أكثر بأن يساهم كل منهم في مشروع يستهدف الربح، بتقديم حصة من مال أو عمل أو منهما معاً لاقتسام ما ينشأ عن هذا المشروع من ربح أو خسارة، واستثناء من ذلك، يجوز - وفقاً لأحكام النظام - أن تؤسس الشركة بالإرادة المنفردة لشخص واحد، ويجوز تأسيس شركات غير ربحية، وعليه فإن الشركة تعتبر شخصية اعتبارية لا تعود ذمتها إلى مالكها بعكس المؤسسة الفردية، كما لا يحق إقامة دعوى قضائية بحق مالك الشركة أو ضمه مع الشركة في الدعوى بعكس المؤسسة الفردية التي لا تتمتع بشخصية اعتبارية ولا تستقل عن ذمة مالكها، بل إن المؤسسة ممثلة بشخصية مالكها فقط ولا يكون لها أي ارتباط خارجه عنه، حيث إن ذمة مالك المؤسسة المالية مرتبطة بالمؤسسة، فيحق لدائني المؤسسة التنفيذ على أموال المالك الخاصة والمطالبة بها.
يذكر، أن نظام الشركات الجديد ولوائحه التنفيذية الساري حالياً يعد محفزاً للمنظومة التجارية وتنميتها، ويمتاز بالمرونة العالية لحماية الشركات، وتمكين القطاع الخاص للمساهمة بشكل رئيسي في تحقيق أهداف رؤية المملكة 2030، ويُسهل النظام تأسيس الشركات واستدامتها وتوسعها، ويُشجع الاستثمار الجريء، ويعالج كافة التحديات التي تواجه الشركات العائلية وريادة الأعمال. ومن أبرز التغيرات في نظام الشركات الجديد، عدم اشتراط حد أدنى لرأسمال الشركة في نظامها الأساسي، وإمكانية إصدار أنواع وفئات متعددة من الأسهم بحقوق والتزامات وقيود متفاوتة، وإمكانية إدارتها من قبل مدير وأكثر أو مجلس إدارة أو غير ذلك، فضلاً عن عدم اشتراط وجود جمعيات عامة، حيث يتولى المساهمون ممارسة تلك الاختصاصات، ولهم تحديد من يتولاها.
وكانت وزارة التجارة أعلنت نمو إصدار السجلات التجارية بنسبة 60% خلال العام 2024 مقارنة بالعام 2023. وبلغ إجمالي السجلات التجارية المُصدرة نحو 522 ألف سجل تجاري، مقارنة بنحو 368 ألف سجل تم إصدارها في العام 2023. وتوزعت السجلات المُصدرة بين المؤسسات بنحو 368 ألف سجل تجاري، والشركات بنحو 154 ألف سجل تجاري. وشملت السجلات التجارية مختلف الأنشطة الاقتصادية، حيث تصدرت قطاعات: تجارة الجملة والتجزئة، التشييد، خدمات الإقامة والطعام، والصناعات التحويلية قائمة الأنشطة التي شهدت إصدار سجلات تجارية. في حين بلغ إجمالي السجلات التجارية القائمة في جميع مناطق المملكة 1.6 مليون سجل تجاري بنهاية العام 2024، وذلك وفق وكالة الأنباء السعودية.
«قانوني» يكشف لـ«عكاظ» آلية الدعاوى على أصحاب «المؤسسات» و«الشركات»
25 مايو 2025 - 03:22
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آخر تحديث 25 مايو 2025 - 03:22
عبدالله الكاسب
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
عبدالله القرني (الرياض) abs912@
While there has been a debate regarding the differences in lawsuits filed against owners of institutions and companies, lawyer Abdullah Mohammed Al-Kasib confirmed to "Okaz" that an individual institution is one that is owned by a single person, and it does not have an independent legal personality or legal entity separate from its owner's financial liability, nor does it have an independent financial liability. It does not fall under the provisions of the companies law. Since individual institutions are linked to their owners in an unbreakable manner, in the event of a legal dispute against any individual institution, the plaintiff has the right to directly claim against the owner of the institution or include them alongside the institution as a defendant in legal proceedings, as the liability between the institution and its owner is interconnected.
Al-Kasib added that, in contrast to companies, the legislator defined a company as a legal entity established according to the provisions of the law based on a founding contract or a basic system, whereby two or more persons commit to contribute to a project aimed at profit by providing a share of money or work or both to share in the profits or losses arising from this project. An exception to this is that, according to the provisions of the law, a company may be established by the unilateral will of a single person, and non-profit companies may also be established. Therefore, a company is considered a legal entity whose liability does not revert to its owner, unlike an individual institution. Additionally, it is not permissible to file a lawsuit against the owner of the company or include them with the company in the lawsuit, unlike the individual institution, which does not enjoy legal personality and does not stand independently from its owner's liability. Rather, the institution is represented solely by its owner's personality, and it has no external connections beyond that, as the financial liability of the institution's owner is linked to the institution, granting the institution's creditors the right to execute against the owner's private assets and claim them.
It is noteworthy that the new companies law and its executive regulations currently in effect serve as a catalyst for the commercial system and its development, characterized by high flexibility to protect companies and enable the private sector to play a major role in achieving the goals of the Kingdom's Vision 2030. The law facilitates the establishment, sustainability, and expansion of companies, encourages bold investment, and addresses all challenges facing family businesses and entrepreneurship. Among the most notable changes in the new companies law is the removal of the requirement for a minimum capital for the company in its foundational system, the possibility of issuing multiple types and classes of shares with varying rights, obligations, and restrictions, and the possibility of management by one or more managers or a board of directors, in addition to the absence of a requirement for general assemblies, as shareholders exercise those powers and can determine who will carry them out.
The Ministry of Commerce announced a 60% growth in the issuance of commercial registrations during the year 2024 compared to the year 2023. The total number of issued commercial registrations reached approximately 522,000, compared to about 368,000 registrations issued in 2023. The issued registrations were distributed between institutions with about 368,000 commercial registrations and companies with about 154,000 commercial registrations. The commercial registrations included various economic activities, with the sectors of wholesale and retail trade, construction, accommodation and food services, and manufacturing industries leading the list of activities that witnessed the issuance of commercial registrations. Meanwhile, the total number of active commercial registrations in all regions of the Kingdom reached 1.6 million by the end of 2024, according to the Saudi Press Agency.
Al-Kasib added that, in contrast to companies, the legislator defined a company as a legal entity established according to the provisions of the law based on a founding contract or a basic system, whereby two or more persons commit to contribute to a project aimed at profit by providing a share of money or work or both to share in the profits or losses arising from this project. An exception to this is that, according to the provisions of the law, a company may be established by the unilateral will of a single person, and non-profit companies may also be established. Therefore, a company is considered a legal entity whose liability does not revert to its owner, unlike an individual institution. Additionally, it is not permissible to file a lawsuit against the owner of the company or include them with the company in the lawsuit, unlike the individual institution, which does not enjoy legal personality and does not stand independently from its owner's liability. Rather, the institution is represented solely by its owner's personality, and it has no external connections beyond that, as the financial liability of the institution's owner is linked to the institution, granting the institution's creditors the right to execute against the owner's private assets and claim them.
It is noteworthy that the new companies law and its executive regulations currently in effect serve as a catalyst for the commercial system and its development, characterized by high flexibility to protect companies and enable the private sector to play a major role in achieving the goals of the Kingdom's Vision 2030. The law facilitates the establishment, sustainability, and expansion of companies, encourages bold investment, and addresses all challenges facing family businesses and entrepreneurship. Among the most notable changes in the new companies law is the removal of the requirement for a minimum capital for the company in its foundational system, the possibility of issuing multiple types and classes of shares with varying rights, obligations, and restrictions, and the possibility of management by one or more managers or a board of directors, in addition to the absence of a requirement for general assemblies, as shareholders exercise those powers and can determine who will carry them out.
The Ministry of Commerce announced a 60% growth in the issuance of commercial registrations during the year 2024 compared to the year 2023. The total number of issued commercial registrations reached approximately 522,000, compared to about 368,000 registrations issued in 2023. The issued registrations were distributed between institutions with about 368,000 commercial registrations and companies with about 154,000 commercial registrations. The commercial registrations included various economic activities, with the sectors of wholesale and retail trade, construction, accommodation and food services, and manufacturing industries leading the list of activities that witnessed the issuance of commercial registrations. Meanwhile, the total number of active commercial registrations in all regions of the Kingdom reached 1.6 million by the end of 2024, according to the Saudi Press Agency.

