ما بين هواية قد تكون سبباً في وفاة عاشقها أو ممارسة تقتل منفذها، يظل الغرق إحدى الفواجع التي تحلُّ على بعض الأسر خلال تمتعها بلحظاتها السعيدة.. ثلاث دقائق فقط تكفي لتكون سبباً في التلف الدائم لخلايا المخ أو الوفاة بإسفكسيا الغرق.
ويصف الأطباء عدم وصول الأكسجين في الدم إلى المراكز الحيوية في المخ لمدة ثلاث دقائق أو أكثر، بأنه الاختناق
الذي يؤدي إلى التلف الدائم لخلايا المخ أو الوفاة، خصوصاً مراكز التنفس والجهاز الدوري والقلب.
وأكدت منظمة الصحة العالمية أن الغرق يتسبب في وفاة شخص واحد كل دقيقتين على مستوى العالم؛ ما يجعله أحد أبرز أسباب الوفاة غير المتعمدة، خصوصاً بين الأطفال والشباب.
وبينت المنظمة أن الوفيات يمكن الوقاية منها عبر تدابير بسيطة مثل تعليم السباحة، وزيادة الوعي، وتوفير وسائل الإنقاذ في الأماكن العامة، ويشكل الغرق عبئاً صحياً واقتصادياً كبيراً، إذ يترك أثراً طويل الأمد على الأسر والمجتمعات، ويتسبب في فقدان آلاف الأرواح سنوياً دون أن يحظى بالاهتمام الكافي.
ودعت المنظمة الدول إلى إدماج برامج الوقاية من الغرق في سياساتها الصحية والتعليمية، وتشجيع الأبحاث لإيجاد حلول مبتكرة للحدِّ من هذه المأساة الصامتة. الرسالة الأهم هي أن الغرق ليس حتمياً، وأن الاستثمار في الوقاية قادر على إنقاذ ملايين الأرواح.
من جانبها، كشفت هيئة الصحة العامة عن بعض الإرشادات الوقائية للوقاية من الغرق في المسابح، عبر مراقبة الأطفال باستمرار، وعدم تركهم بمفردهم لضمان سلامتهم، ومراجعة تعليمات السلامة مع الطفل قبل السياحة، والتأكد من فهمه لها.
كما شددت على إفراغ المسبح القابل للنفخ من الماء بعد كل استخدام، ووضعه بعيداً عن متناول الأطفال، وتثبيت حاجز حول المسبح، واستخدام أجهزة إنذار المسابح، مع إزالة الألعاب المائية من المسبح حتى لا يسقط الطفل في الماء عند محاولته الوصول إليها.
كما نبهت إلى ضرورة استئجار الشاليهات والاستراحات التي تحتوي على حواجز حول المسبح وتوفر أدوات الإنقاذ والسلامة المائية، وتجنب القفز في المسبح ما قد يسبب إصابات خطيرة عبر الاصطدام بسباحين آخرين أو بأرضية وحواف المسبح، والحرص على استخدام سترات النجاة والعوامات لمن لا يجيدون السباحة والأطفال، كما نبهت من الركض حول المسبح لتفادي الانزلاقات والحوادث.
فاجعة الغواص «وسام»
شهدت محافظة جدة، أخيراً، تسجيل حالتي وفاة ناتجة عن الغرق، وأعلنت جهات الاختصاص إيقاف عمليات بحث استمرت 21 يوماً، عن الغواص (وسام) الذي فقد في أعماق البحر في محافظة جدة، فيما أدى العشرات صلاة الغائب عليه، وبدأت مراسم العزاء في منزل والده بالقرية التابعة لمركز بيضان في الباحة، ليسدل الستار على حادثة غرقه وزميله فهد عرفات.
ولم يعثر على جثة الغواص (وسام)، ووجدت فرق البحث أجزاء من بدلة غوص يُرجح أنها خاصة به كان يلبسها عند نزوله للغوص، ما عزز من فرضية تعرضه لهجوم من أسماك القرش.
وتعود تفاصيل الحادثة بعد قيام ثلاثة أصدقاء بالنزول للبحر في شاطئ منتجع شمالي جدة، وبعد انتهاء جولة الغطس عادوا وغادر أحدهم لارتباطه بعمله، وعاد وسام الزهراني وفهد عرفات، للغوص في جولة جديدة، انتهت بفقدانهما، ومن ثم إعلان غرقهما، إذ فُقد الاتصال بهما، لتنطلق عمليات البحث التي استمرت 21 يوماً، ومع تعذر العثور عليهما، أعلنت الجهات المختصة، أخيراً، وقف عمليات البحث، لتُعلن الوفاة رسمياً، في خبر أحزن ذويه وسكان منطقته وكل من عرفه.
ويُعدُّ التعرُّض للغرق من أكثر الحوادث صعوبةً يمكن أن تواجه أي شخص، ورغم أن 75% من الغرقى يتم إنعاشهم وبقاؤهم على قيد الحياة، إلا أن عدد الوفيات الناتجة عن الغرق تقدر بـ500 ألف وفاة سنوياً حول العالم، ويبقى نحو 6% ممن تم إنقاذهم يحملون أنواعاً مختلفة من الإعاقة.
وتوضح الإحصائيات أن 90% من حوادث الغرق تحدث في المياه العذبة (أحواض السباحة، السيول والأودية)، وبقية الحالات وتمثل 10% تحدث بسبب الغرق في مياه البحر، وأن نحو 15% من حالات الغرق يلفظ الغريق أنفاسه حتى قبل أن تغمره المياه، وهو ما يسمى بـ(الغرق الجاف)، وأن الدقائق الأولى قد تحسم مصير الغريق.
متى يصعب الإنقاذ؟
خبير الغوص عدنان بخاري الحازمي قال لـ«عكاظ»: إن مدة البحث عن الغرقى تختلف حسب عدة عوامل؛ منها عمق المياه وظروفها، ودرجة حرارة الماء، ووجود تيارات مائية في موقع الغرق، أو وجود دوامات بحرية أو كهوف وسط الصخور، بالإضافة إلى مهارات الغواصين المشاركين في عملية البحث.
وبيَّن أن هناك بعض النقاط الزمنية الرئيسية التي يجب أخذها في الاعتبار في حالات الغرق العادية، «ويمكن أن تستغرق عملية البحث عن غريق عدة ساعات، وقد تستمر عده أيام، خصوصاً في الحالات التي يصعب فيها تحديد موقع الغرق أو في حال وجود عوائق طبيعية أو تضاريس معقدة».
وعند حدوث الغرق في نطاق محدد أو مسبح، فلا يتطلب الأمر سوى وقت وجيز لانتشال الغريق، أما في حالات الغرق في البحر المفتوح فقد تطول مدة البحث لوجود عده عوامل تؤدي إلى ذلك بسبب صعوبة الوصول إلى الأعماق وتأثير الضغط، وعدم معرفة موقع الغريق.
وأوضح أنه في حالات الغرق في المياه الضحلة قد يكون البحث أسرع وأسهل، ولكن قد يتأثر بوجود تيارات مائية أو عوائق في المياه، وقد تستغرق العملية وقتاً أطول بسبب الظروف المحيطة، حيث تؤثر مدى الرؤية في الماء بشكل كبير على مدة البحث، فكلما كانت الرؤية أفضل، زادت فرص العثور على الغريق بسرعة، إضافة إلى تأثير ظروف الطقس مثل الرياح والأمواج والتيارات المائية على مدى فعالية البحث.
وقال بخاري: «إنه كلما زادت المعلومات المتاحة عن موقع الغرق وظروفه، زادت فرص العثور على الغريق بشكل أسرع، كما تساهم ساعات الغواصين التي يرتدونها في تسجيل معلومات دقيقة عن العمق والوقت، إلا أن كثيراً منهم لا يربطها بأي نظام تتبع خارجي، ما يجعل عمليات التحديد والاستدلال على الموقع أكثر صعوبة».
الإنقاذ دون إجادة
مدير العمليات في المديرية العامة للدفاع المدني بمنطقة مكة المكرمة سابقاً اللواء متقاعد عبدالله جداوي أكد لـ«عكاظ»: أن موسم الصيف يشهد إقبالاً كبيراً على ممارسة السباحة في الكثير من المواقع التي تفتقر لوجود منقذين، «وهناك تجاوز من البعض في ممارسة السباحة بالكثير من المواقع الممنوع السباحة فيها».
وحذر اللواء الجداوي من «محاولة الإنقاذ دون معرفة أو دراية وإجادة للسباحة، إذ تزيد حالات الغرق، فالتعاطف والاندفاع كان سبباً مباشراً في غرق الكثير من الأشخاص خصوصاً في المستنقعات التي تخلفها السيول، وهناك آليات وطرق في عمليات الإنقاذ يعلمها المختصون والمدربون؛ لذا يجب عدم المجازفة بالنزول في المياه لعمليات الإنقاذ حتى لا تصبح المشكلة أكبر».
وشدد على ضرورة الاهتمام بتعليم الأبناء السباحة، والالتزام بجميع التحذيرات الصادرة عن الجهات المختصة بمنع السباحة في المواقع الخطرة، ومتابعة الظروف الجوية قبل النزول للبحر والمخاطر المحتملة، والتقيد بتعليمات السلامة أثناء السباحة وارتياد الشواطئ والمسابح، وعدم ترك الأطفال يسبحون بمفردهم ومراقبتهم، مع الحرص على ارتداء السُّتر الخاصة بالسباحة، وتركيب حواجز وأبواب على المسابح الخاصة، مع تجنب نزول الأودية ومواقع جريان السيول خلال هطول الأمطار أو عقبها.
الغرق في المياه العذبة أسرعأ
وضح اللواء متقاعد عبدالله جداوي أن الغرق في الماء العذب أسرع من الماء المالح لعدة أسباب؛ من أبرزها أن الماء العذب يحتوي على نسبة ضئيلة من أملاح الكلوريد (الملح)، التي قد تصل إلى الرئتين وتدخل الدورة الدموية الرئوية؛ منها الحويصلات الهوائية، والشعيرات الدموية الموجودة بالرئة التي تؤدي إلى تكسير كرات الدم الحمراء وتزيد مستوى البوتاسيوم بالدم، وهبوط مستوى الملح، ما يؤدي إلى تذبذب كهرباء القلب، وتوقف القلب، خصوصاً عندما يكون الماء العذب شديد البرودة أقل من 10 درجات، وهو ما يؤدي إلى توقف القلب بصورة مفاجئة.
أما الغرق في المياه المالحة مثل مياه البحر، فتكون نسبة الملح في الدم أو الصوديوم كلوريد 3% فأكثر، فيؤدي إلى ارتشاح في الرئتين أو الأوزيما الرئوية، وزيادة لزوجة الدم الناتجة عن زيادة الأملاح في بلازما الدم، ويستنتج من ذلك أن تحديد فترة الوفاة في المياه المالحة تكون من 8 إلى 12 دقيقة، ما يسمح بإعطاء فرصة لإنقاذ الشخص الذي تعرض للغرق، بينما الغرق الناتج عن المياه العذبة تكون من 4 إلى 5 دقائق فقط، وهو ما لا يعطي فرصة لإنقاذ الشخص الذي تعرّض للغرق، خصوصاً أن الوفاة تحدث بغتة نتيجة توقف القلب المفاجئ.
«عكاظ» تخترق أسرار أمواج البحر وتسأل الخبراء: لماذا يختفي الغواصون ؟
غريق كل دقيقتين !
5 سبتمبر 2025 - 00:40
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آخر تحديث 5 سبتمبر 2025 - 00:40
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
إبراهيم العلوي (جدة) @i_waleeed22
Between a hobby that could lead to the death of its lover or an activity that kills its executor, drowning remains one of the tragedies that befall some families during their moments of joy. Just three minutes are enough to cause permanent damage to brain cells or death by drowning asphyxia.
Doctors describe the lack of oxygen in the blood reaching vital centers in the brain for three minutes or more as suffocation
which leads to permanent damage to brain cells or death, especially affecting the centers for breathing, the circulatory system, and the heart.
The World Health Organization confirmed that drowning causes one death every two minutes worldwide, making it one of the leading causes of unintentional death, particularly among children and youth.
The organization indicated that these deaths can be prevented through simple measures such as teaching swimming, increasing awareness, and providing rescue equipment in public places. Drowning poses a significant health and economic burden, leaving a long-term impact on families and communities, causing the loss of thousands of lives annually without receiving adequate attention.
The organization urged countries to integrate drowning prevention programs into their health and educational policies and to encourage research to find innovative solutions to reduce this silent tragedy. The most important message is that drowning is not inevitable, and investing in prevention can save millions of lives.
For its part, the Public Health Authority revealed some preventive guidelines to avoid drowning in pools, including continuously monitoring children, not leaving them alone to ensure their safety, reviewing safety instructions with the child before swimming, and ensuring they understand them.
It also emphasized emptying inflatable pools of water after each use, keeping them out of children's reach, installing barriers around the pool, using pool alarms, and removing water toys from the pool to prevent children from falling into the water while trying to reach them.
It also warned about the necessity of renting chalets and rest areas that have barriers around the pool and provide rescue and water safety equipment, avoiding jumping into the pool as it may cause serious injuries from colliding with other swimmers or the pool's floor and edges, and ensuring the use of life jackets and floats for non-swimmers and children. It also cautioned against running around the pool to avoid slips and accidents.
The tragedy of the diver "Wissam"
Recently, Jeddah witnessed the recording of two drowning deaths, and the relevant authorities announced the suspension of search operations that lasted 21 days for the diver (Wissam), who was lost in the depths of the sea in Jeddah. Dozens performed a funeral prayer for him, and mourning ceremonies began at his father's home in the village belonging to the Baydan Center in Al-Baha, bringing closure to the incident of his drowning along with his colleague Fahd Arafat.
The body of diver (Wissam) was not found, but search teams discovered parts of a diving suit believed to belong to him, which he was wearing when he went diving, reinforcing the hypothesis that he was attacked by sharks.
The details of the incident date back to when three friends went into the sea at a resort beach north of Jeddah. After finishing their diving tour, they returned, and one of them left due to work commitments, while Wissam Al-Zahrani and Fahd Arafat returned for another diving session, which ended with them going missing, leading to the announcement of their drowning. Communication with them was lost, prompting search operations that lasted 21 days. With no success in locating them, the authorities finally announced the cessation of search operations, officially declaring their deaths, a news that saddened their families, residents of their area, and everyone who knew them.
Drowning is considered one of the most challenging accidents any person can face. Although 75% of drowning victims are revived and survive, the number of drowning-related deaths is estimated at 500,000 annually worldwide, and about 6% of those rescued suffer from various disabilities.
Statistics indicate that 90% of drowning incidents occur in freshwater (swimming pools, floods, and valleys), while the remaining 10% occur in seawater, and about 15% of drowning cases result in the victim gasping for breath even before being submerged, a phenomenon known as "dry drowning." The first few minutes can determine the fate of the drowning person.
When is rescue difficult?
Diving expert Adnan Bukhari Al-Hazmi told "Okaz": The duration of the search for drowning victims varies based on several factors, including water depth and conditions, water temperature, the presence of water currents at the drowning site, or the presence of whirlpools or caves among the rocks, in addition to the skills of the divers participating in the search operation.
He explained that there are some key time points that must be considered in ordinary drowning cases, "The search for a drowning person can take several hours and may last several days, especially in cases where it is difficult to determine the drowning location or in the presence of natural obstacles or complex terrain."
When drowning occurs in a confined area or pool, it only requires a short time to retrieve the drowning person. However, in cases of drowning in open water, the search duration may be prolonged due to several factors that complicate access to the depths and the effects of pressure, as well as not knowing the victim's location.
He clarified that in cases of drowning in shallow water, the search may be faster and easier, but it can be affected by the presence of water currents or obstacles in the water, and the process may take longer due to surrounding conditions, as visibility in the water significantly affects the search duration. The better the visibility, the higher the chances of quickly finding the drowning person, in addition to the impact of weather conditions such as wind, waves, and water currents on the effectiveness of the search.
Bukhari stated: "The more information available about the drowning location and its conditions, the greater the chances of quickly finding the drowning person. The diving hours logged by divers contribute to recording accurate information about depth and time, but many of them do not link it to any external tracking system, making the process of pinpointing and deducing the location more difficult."
Rescue without proficiency
Retired Major General Abdullah Jdawi, former operations director at the General Directorate of Civil Defense in the Makkah region, confirmed to "Okaz": The summer season witnesses a significant influx of people swimming in many locations that lack lifeguards, "and there are some who disregard swimming in many prohibited areas."
General Jdawi warned against "attempting to rescue without knowledge or proficiency in swimming, as it increases drowning cases. Sympathy and impulsiveness have directly caused many people to drown, especially in the swamps left by floods. There are methods and procedures in rescue operations known to specialists and trainers; therefore, one should not take the risk of entering the water for rescue operations to avoid making the problem worse."
He stressed the importance of teaching children to swim, adhering to all warnings issued by the relevant authorities against swimming in dangerous areas, monitoring weather conditions before entering the sea and potential risks, following safety instructions while swimming and visiting beaches and pools, and not leaving children to swim alone while supervising them, along with ensuring the use of swimming vests and installing barriers and gates on private pools, and avoiding entering valleys and flood-prone areas during or after rainfall.
Drowning in freshwater is faster
Retired General Abdullah Jdawi clarified that drowning in freshwater occurs faster than in saltwater for several reasons; the most notable is that freshwater contains a minimal amount of chloride salts (salt), which can reach the lungs and enter the pulmonary circulation; including the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs, leading to the destruction of red blood cells and increasing potassium levels in the blood while lowering salt levels, which causes electrical disturbances in the heart and cardiac arrest, especially when the freshwater is extremely cold, below 10 degrees, which can lead to sudden cardiac arrest.
In contrast, drowning in saltwater, such as seawater, has a sodium chloride concentration of 3% or more, leading to pulmonary edema or pulmonary edema, and increased blood viscosity due to elevated salts in the blood plasma. It can be concluded that the time of death in saltwater is between 8 to 12 minutes, allowing for a chance to rescue the drowning person, while drowning in freshwater occurs within only 4 to 5 minutes, which does not provide an opportunity to save the drowning person, especially since death occurs suddenly due to cardiac arrest.
Doctors describe the lack of oxygen in the blood reaching vital centers in the brain for three minutes or more as suffocation
which leads to permanent damage to brain cells or death, especially affecting the centers for breathing, the circulatory system, and the heart.
The World Health Organization confirmed that drowning causes one death every two minutes worldwide, making it one of the leading causes of unintentional death, particularly among children and youth.
The organization indicated that these deaths can be prevented through simple measures such as teaching swimming, increasing awareness, and providing rescue equipment in public places. Drowning poses a significant health and economic burden, leaving a long-term impact on families and communities, causing the loss of thousands of lives annually without receiving adequate attention.
The organization urged countries to integrate drowning prevention programs into their health and educational policies and to encourage research to find innovative solutions to reduce this silent tragedy. The most important message is that drowning is not inevitable, and investing in prevention can save millions of lives.
For its part, the Public Health Authority revealed some preventive guidelines to avoid drowning in pools, including continuously monitoring children, not leaving them alone to ensure their safety, reviewing safety instructions with the child before swimming, and ensuring they understand them.
It also emphasized emptying inflatable pools of water after each use, keeping them out of children's reach, installing barriers around the pool, using pool alarms, and removing water toys from the pool to prevent children from falling into the water while trying to reach them.
It also warned about the necessity of renting chalets and rest areas that have barriers around the pool and provide rescue and water safety equipment, avoiding jumping into the pool as it may cause serious injuries from colliding with other swimmers or the pool's floor and edges, and ensuring the use of life jackets and floats for non-swimmers and children. It also cautioned against running around the pool to avoid slips and accidents.
The tragedy of the diver "Wissam"
Recently, Jeddah witnessed the recording of two drowning deaths, and the relevant authorities announced the suspension of search operations that lasted 21 days for the diver (Wissam), who was lost in the depths of the sea in Jeddah. Dozens performed a funeral prayer for him, and mourning ceremonies began at his father's home in the village belonging to the Baydan Center in Al-Baha, bringing closure to the incident of his drowning along with his colleague Fahd Arafat.
The body of diver (Wissam) was not found, but search teams discovered parts of a diving suit believed to belong to him, which he was wearing when he went diving, reinforcing the hypothesis that he was attacked by sharks.
The details of the incident date back to when three friends went into the sea at a resort beach north of Jeddah. After finishing their diving tour, they returned, and one of them left due to work commitments, while Wissam Al-Zahrani and Fahd Arafat returned for another diving session, which ended with them going missing, leading to the announcement of their drowning. Communication with them was lost, prompting search operations that lasted 21 days. With no success in locating them, the authorities finally announced the cessation of search operations, officially declaring their deaths, a news that saddened their families, residents of their area, and everyone who knew them.
Drowning is considered one of the most challenging accidents any person can face. Although 75% of drowning victims are revived and survive, the number of drowning-related deaths is estimated at 500,000 annually worldwide, and about 6% of those rescued suffer from various disabilities.
Statistics indicate that 90% of drowning incidents occur in freshwater (swimming pools, floods, and valleys), while the remaining 10% occur in seawater, and about 15% of drowning cases result in the victim gasping for breath even before being submerged, a phenomenon known as "dry drowning." The first few minutes can determine the fate of the drowning person.
When is rescue difficult?
Diving expert Adnan Bukhari Al-Hazmi told "Okaz": The duration of the search for drowning victims varies based on several factors, including water depth and conditions, water temperature, the presence of water currents at the drowning site, or the presence of whirlpools or caves among the rocks, in addition to the skills of the divers participating in the search operation.
He explained that there are some key time points that must be considered in ordinary drowning cases, "The search for a drowning person can take several hours and may last several days, especially in cases where it is difficult to determine the drowning location or in the presence of natural obstacles or complex terrain."
When drowning occurs in a confined area or pool, it only requires a short time to retrieve the drowning person. However, in cases of drowning in open water, the search duration may be prolonged due to several factors that complicate access to the depths and the effects of pressure, as well as not knowing the victim's location.
He clarified that in cases of drowning in shallow water, the search may be faster and easier, but it can be affected by the presence of water currents or obstacles in the water, and the process may take longer due to surrounding conditions, as visibility in the water significantly affects the search duration. The better the visibility, the higher the chances of quickly finding the drowning person, in addition to the impact of weather conditions such as wind, waves, and water currents on the effectiveness of the search.
Bukhari stated: "The more information available about the drowning location and its conditions, the greater the chances of quickly finding the drowning person. The diving hours logged by divers contribute to recording accurate information about depth and time, but many of them do not link it to any external tracking system, making the process of pinpointing and deducing the location more difficult."
Rescue without proficiency
Retired Major General Abdullah Jdawi, former operations director at the General Directorate of Civil Defense in the Makkah region, confirmed to "Okaz": The summer season witnesses a significant influx of people swimming in many locations that lack lifeguards, "and there are some who disregard swimming in many prohibited areas."
General Jdawi warned against "attempting to rescue without knowledge or proficiency in swimming, as it increases drowning cases. Sympathy and impulsiveness have directly caused many people to drown, especially in the swamps left by floods. There are methods and procedures in rescue operations known to specialists and trainers; therefore, one should not take the risk of entering the water for rescue operations to avoid making the problem worse."
He stressed the importance of teaching children to swim, adhering to all warnings issued by the relevant authorities against swimming in dangerous areas, monitoring weather conditions before entering the sea and potential risks, following safety instructions while swimming and visiting beaches and pools, and not leaving children to swim alone while supervising them, along with ensuring the use of swimming vests and installing barriers and gates on private pools, and avoiding entering valleys and flood-prone areas during or after rainfall.
Drowning in freshwater is faster
Retired General Abdullah Jdawi clarified that drowning in freshwater occurs faster than in saltwater for several reasons; the most notable is that freshwater contains a minimal amount of chloride salts (salt), which can reach the lungs and enter the pulmonary circulation; including the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs, leading to the destruction of red blood cells and increasing potassium levels in the blood while lowering salt levels, which causes electrical disturbances in the heart and cardiac arrest, especially when the freshwater is extremely cold, below 10 degrees, which can lead to sudden cardiac arrest.
In contrast, drowning in saltwater, such as seawater, has a sodium chloride concentration of 3% or more, leading to pulmonary edema or pulmonary edema, and increased blood viscosity due to elevated salts in the blood plasma. It can be concluded that the time of death in saltwater is between 8 to 12 minutes, allowing for a chance to rescue the drowning person, while drowning in freshwater occurs within only 4 to 5 minutes, which does not provide an opportunity to save the drowning person, especially since death occurs suddenly due to cardiac arrest.