عُرِفَ عن فقهاء سابقين اشتغالهم بفنون تعضد فقههم؛ فمنهم الفقيه الفيلسوف، والفقيه اللغوي، وغير ذلك، وربما أسهمت الفلسفة مع الفقه تحديداً في تخليد أسماء فقهاء سبقوا عصرهم بطرحهم، ونجحوا في كسر النمطية التقليدية (الكلاسيكية) للفقيه، ويمكن القول بأنهم فكّروا خارج الصندوق، أو اعتمدوا ما يطلق عليه (تقدميّة)، ومنهم الفقيه الفيلسوف ابن رشد.
ومن الكُتب التي ما زلتُ محتفظاً بها، وأحفظ بعضاً مما ورد فيها، كتاب (الفنون) لأبي الوفاء، علي بن عقيل بن محمد بن عقيل البغدادي الحنبلي، ففيه من الردود، والأشعار، والمواعظ، والفتاوى؛ والتاريخ؛ والفقه؛ والأصول، والحِكم والمناظرات ما يأسر اللب، وهذا تأكيد على موسوعية الرجل، وربما بلغ كتابه 800 مجلّد.
للفقه في دين الله أثر في التقدميّة في التفكير، والطرح، ولعلها متجذرة في ملكات بعض النوادر، وهناك شواهد، تاريخانية؛ منها ما وقع في عهد عمر بن الخطاب، رضي الله عنه، فأثناء نقاش الصحابة عند فتح العراق، في العام السابع عشر الهجريّ؛ حول تقسيم الأراضي التي غنموها، حضر الفقه التقدمي، وقدّم رؤية تراعي المصلحة العامة، فبدلاً من تخميس الغنائم، ومعظمها أراضٍ زراعية، لا يتقن من سيقتسمها التعامل معها، كونه مقاتلاً لا حِرَفياً، فتم الاتفاق على وقفها، وتحويل ريعها لبيت المال.
وبحكم التخصص، درسنا ودرّسنا مسائل فقهية افتراضية، لا حصر لها في فقه العبادات، والمعاملات، والأحوال الشخصية، والجنايات والحدود، ولعل بعض الفرضيات لم يقع في عصر الفقيه المُفترِض، لكنهم تصوروا إمكانية وقوعها، فوضعوا لها أحكاماً من خلال الاجتهاد الفرعي، المشمول بدلالة اللفظ العامة، (العبرة بعموم اللفظ لا بخصوص السبب) أو القياس.
وربما عطّلت مقولة (لا اجتهاد مع النص) فقهاء لديهم من سعة الأفق، وذهانة العقل ما يجعلهم جهابذة عصرهم، إلا أنهم آثروا السلامة بالسير (على خطى المرحوم) دون التفات لمعطيات ومنتجات عصرهم، ومن احترام وتقدير النصوص الاجتهاد فيها، وإعمال العقل بها، فالاجتهاد النوعي يحرر النصّ الشرعي من أسر الانغلاق، ويفكه من احتكار فقهاء ما زالوا يرددون (لا تسألوا عن أشياء إن تبد لكم تسؤكم) مؤثرين التريّث كونه مناط السلامة.
وربما من واجب الفقهاء أن يسبقوا المجتمعات، والعلماء والمخترعين والمكتشفين بفتاوى وطرح، يؤكد أن الفقيه يعيش عصره ويتمثّل واقعه، ويربط الماضي بالحاضر والمستقبل، في ظل ما تصدّره مجتمعات إلى مجتمعات، مما يفرض ثقافة وسلوك التحولات، وكلما تأخر الفقيه غدا قوله تابعاً لا متبوعاً.
بالأمس القريب كان هناك حجر واسع على رمي الجمرات قبل الزوال، ثم اتسع الأمر، وغدا متاحاً في كل وقت، وكانت هناك صرامة في التعزيرات، وربما مبالغة في بعضها، وفي فترة مضت سمعنا بالتعزير من خلال العقوبات البديلة، التي تسهم في إصلاح المُعزّر بالنفع العام، وعدم تكليف المال العام مسؤولية سجين يحتاج إلى أكل وشرب وحراسة.
ولن يعاب اليوم في زمن الذكاء الاصطناعي أن يتقدم فقهاء الشريعة والقانون المجتمعات بخطوات، ويسبقوا بمراحل قرارات حكومات، فمن خلال استقراء كتب الفقه والدساتير لاحظنا ما لدى بعض السلف من استشراف للمستقبل، وفق مقاربات ومقارنات، وتأويل منطقي، واستحضار ما سيحدث وكأنه حدث؛ خصوصاً ونحن نرى ونسمع تنافسية العِلم التجريبي، الذي يقطع مسافاته بسرعات ضوئية نحو حقائق وفرضيات، ويُلغي قناعات ومُسلّمات.
ولعل فقهاء اليوم في عالمنا الإسلامي يدركون أن التقنية بما أنجزته من رقميّة فارطة في الإدهاش، وتجاوز البدهيات والأعراف، بدءاً من علوم الفضاء والطب والجينوم والبيئة والذرة وليس انتهاء بالعمليات المجهرية؛ ما يضع الفقيه إن لم يتقدم في حيرة من أمره؛ فهل الفقه والتشريع سابق أم لاحق؟!!!
وكم من القضايا الحادثة والنوازل في عالمنا اليوم غاب عنها وفيها صوت الفقهاء الثقات، لشعور البعض بالقلق من مآلات الاجتهادات غير المنتظمة في مؤسسات اعتبارية معتمدة، علماً بأن الأصل في الفقيه استقلاليته، التي تبرئ ذمته أمام فقهه؛ ولا تحرجه مع مجتمعه، كما أن الفقه وأصوله ليسا حكراً على دارسي الشريعة، بل يشترك معهم المتخصصون في اللغة، والعلوم الإنسانية.
علي بن محمد الرباعي
الفقه الافتراضي والذكاء الاصطناعي
27 يونيو 2025 - 00:03
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آخر تحديث 27 يونيو 2025 - 14:05
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
It is known that previous jurists engaged in arts that supported their jurisprudence; among them are the jurist philosopher, the jurist linguist, and others. Philosophy, in particular, may have contributed to immortalizing the names of jurists who preceded their time by their proposals, and they succeeded in breaking the traditional (classical) mold of the jurist. It can be said that they thought outside the box or relied on what is called "progressivism," including the jurist philosopher Ibn Rushd.
Among the books that I still keep and remember some of what is contained in them is the book "Al-Funun" by Abu Al-Wafa, Ali ibn Aqil ibn Muhammad ibn Aqil Al-Baghdadi Al-Hanbali. It contains responses, poetry, sermons, fatwas, history, jurisprudence, principles, wisdom, and debates that captivate the mind. This confirms the encyclopedic nature of the man, and perhaps his book reached 800 volumes.
Jurisprudence in the religion of God has an impact on progressive thinking and proposals, and it may be rooted in the talents of some rare individuals. There are historical evidence, such as what occurred during the time of Umar ibn Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him. During the discussion among the companions at the opening of Iraq in the seventeenth year of Hijra regarding the division of the lands they had conquered, progressive jurisprudence was present, offering a vision that considers the public interest. Instead of dividing the spoils, most of which were agricultural lands that those who would share them were not skilled in handling, as they were fighters and not craftsmen, it was agreed to halt the division and redirect the proceeds to the public treasury.
By virtue of specialization, we studied and taught countless hypothetical jurisprudential issues in the fields of worship, transactions, personal status, crimes, and punishments. Some of these hypotheses may not have occurred in the era of the hypothetical jurist, but they imagined the possibility of their occurrence and established rulings for them through subsidiary reasoning, encompassed by the general indication of the wording, "The consideration is based on the generality of the wording, not on the specificity of the cause," or analogy.
Perhaps the saying "There is no independent reasoning with the text" has hindered jurists who possess the breadth of vision and the sharpness of intellect that makes them the geniuses of their time. However, they preferred safety by following in the footsteps of the late (jurist) without paying attention to the data and products of their time, and out of respect and appreciation for the texts, they engaged in reasoning within them and exercised their intellect. Qualitative reasoning liberates the legal text from the shackles of closure and frees it from the monopoly of jurists who still repeat, "Do not ask about things that if they were made clear to you would trouble you," favoring caution as it is the basis of safety.
It may be the duty of jurists to precede societies, scholars, inventors, and discoverers with fatwas and proposals that affirm that the jurist lives in their time and embodies their reality, linking the past with the present and future, in light of what societies export to other societies, imposing a culture and behavior of transformations. The longer the jurist delays, the more their statements become followers rather than leaders.
Recently, there was a wide restriction on throwing pebbles before noon, but the matter expanded, and it became permissible at any time. There was strictness in penalties, and perhaps exaggeration in some of them. In the past, we heard about penalties through alternative punishments that contribute to reforming the punished for the public good, without burdening public funds with the responsibility of a prisoner who needs food, drink, and security.
Today, in the era of artificial intelligence, it is not to be criticized that jurists of Sharia and law advance societies by steps and precede government decisions by stages. Through studying jurisprudence books and constitutions, we noticed that some of the predecessors had foresight into the future, according to approaches and comparisons, logical interpretations, and the anticipation of what will happen as if it had already occurred; especially as we see and hear the competitiveness of experimental science, which covers distances at light speeds towards truths and hypotheses, and cancels convictions and assumptions.
Perhaps today's jurists in our Islamic world realize that technology, with its remarkable digital achievements, surpassing the obvious and customs, starting from space sciences, medicine, genomics, environment, and atomic science, and not ending with microscopic operations, places the jurist in a quandary if they do not advance: Is jurisprudence and legislation prior or subsequent?!!!
How many emerging issues and incidents in our world today lack the voice of trustworthy jurists, as some feel anxious about the outcomes of irregular reasoning in accredited institutional frameworks, knowing that the essence of the jurist is their independence, which clears their conscience before their jurisprudence and does not embarrass them with their society. Furthermore, jurisprudence and its principles are not exclusive to those who study Sharia; specialists in language and humanities also share in it.
Among the books that I still keep and remember some of what is contained in them is the book "Al-Funun" by Abu Al-Wafa, Ali ibn Aqil ibn Muhammad ibn Aqil Al-Baghdadi Al-Hanbali. It contains responses, poetry, sermons, fatwas, history, jurisprudence, principles, wisdom, and debates that captivate the mind. This confirms the encyclopedic nature of the man, and perhaps his book reached 800 volumes.
Jurisprudence in the religion of God has an impact on progressive thinking and proposals, and it may be rooted in the talents of some rare individuals. There are historical evidence, such as what occurred during the time of Umar ibn Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him. During the discussion among the companions at the opening of Iraq in the seventeenth year of Hijra regarding the division of the lands they had conquered, progressive jurisprudence was present, offering a vision that considers the public interest. Instead of dividing the spoils, most of which were agricultural lands that those who would share them were not skilled in handling, as they were fighters and not craftsmen, it was agreed to halt the division and redirect the proceeds to the public treasury.
By virtue of specialization, we studied and taught countless hypothetical jurisprudential issues in the fields of worship, transactions, personal status, crimes, and punishments. Some of these hypotheses may not have occurred in the era of the hypothetical jurist, but they imagined the possibility of their occurrence and established rulings for them through subsidiary reasoning, encompassed by the general indication of the wording, "The consideration is based on the generality of the wording, not on the specificity of the cause," or analogy.
Perhaps the saying "There is no independent reasoning with the text" has hindered jurists who possess the breadth of vision and the sharpness of intellect that makes them the geniuses of their time. However, they preferred safety by following in the footsteps of the late (jurist) without paying attention to the data and products of their time, and out of respect and appreciation for the texts, they engaged in reasoning within them and exercised their intellect. Qualitative reasoning liberates the legal text from the shackles of closure and frees it from the monopoly of jurists who still repeat, "Do not ask about things that if they were made clear to you would trouble you," favoring caution as it is the basis of safety.
It may be the duty of jurists to precede societies, scholars, inventors, and discoverers with fatwas and proposals that affirm that the jurist lives in their time and embodies their reality, linking the past with the present and future, in light of what societies export to other societies, imposing a culture and behavior of transformations. The longer the jurist delays, the more their statements become followers rather than leaders.
Recently, there was a wide restriction on throwing pebbles before noon, but the matter expanded, and it became permissible at any time. There was strictness in penalties, and perhaps exaggeration in some of them. In the past, we heard about penalties through alternative punishments that contribute to reforming the punished for the public good, without burdening public funds with the responsibility of a prisoner who needs food, drink, and security.
Today, in the era of artificial intelligence, it is not to be criticized that jurists of Sharia and law advance societies by steps and precede government decisions by stages. Through studying jurisprudence books and constitutions, we noticed that some of the predecessors had foresight into the future, according to approaches and comparisons, logical interpretations, and the anticipation of what will happen as if it had already occurred; especially as we see and hear the competitiveness of experimental science, which covers distances at light speeds towards truths and hypotheses, and cancels convictions and assumptions.
Perhaps today's jurists in our Islamic world realize that technology, with its remarkable digital achievements, surpassing the obvious and customs, starting from space sciences, medicine, genomics, environment, and atomic science, and not ending with microscopic operations, places the jurist in a quandary if they do not advance: Is jurisprudence and legislation prior or subsequent?!!!
How many emerging issues and incidents in our world today lack the voice of trustworthy jurists, as some feel anxious about the outcomes of irregular reasoning in accredited institutional frameworks, knowing that the essence of the jurist is their independence, which clears their conscience before their jurisprudence and does not embarrass them with their society. Furthermore, jurisprudence and its principles are not exclusive to those who study Sharia; specialists in language and humanities also share in it.


