منذ استقلالهما عام 1947م، ساد الصراع، واشتعلت الحروب بينهما. فقد شهدت العلاقات الباكستانية- الهندية عدة حروب، حتى الآن. آخرها الحرب التي اندلعت بينهما يوم 22 أبريل 2025م، على طول الخط الفاصل بينهما في كشمير. فقد شهدت الأسابيع الأخيرة من أبريل اشتباكات متكررة، وقصفاً متبادلاً، في مناطق كيران، وبونش، وكوبوارا، أسفر عن سقوط قتلى وجرحى من الجانبين، وأعاد التذكير بشبح التصعيد العسكري الشامل، الذي قد يتطور لاشتباك نووي، بين هاتين الدولتين النوويتين.
ومن التطورات الإيجابية، توصل الطرفين إلى اتفاق وقف إطلاق النار، حتى 18 مايو 2025م. ثم اتفق على تمديد وقف إطلاق النار هذا، إلى أجل غير محدد. وتلا التفاهم الميداني بين الهند وباكستان اختبار حاسم لوقف إطلاق النار، الذي لا يزال قائماً دون اتفاق رسمي مؤسسي، ويدار فعلياً بتوازنات ميدانية هشة، واتصالات عسكرية محدودة. وهذا ما يثير تساؤلات حول قابلية هذه التهدئة للاستمرار أو الانهيار.
الواقع الميداني على الأرض يعكس انخفاضاً واضحاً في مستوى الاشتباكات على طول خط المراقبة. إذ لم تسجل منذ 12 مايو 2025 أي خروقات أو تجاوزات كبرى، واقتصرت الحوادث على تحركات محدودة، لم تتحول إلى تصعيد جديد. هذا التطور السار، يمثل مؤشراً إيجابياً، لكنه لا يستند لالتزام سياسي، بل على توازن ردع ميداني، ما يجعله عرضة للانهيار عند أي احتكاك.
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باكستان والهند، هما أكبر بلدين في جنوب آسيا، وكانا بلداً واحداً. إنهما بلدان، تجمع بينهما التقاليد المشتركة. وهما يتشاركان ويتشابهان تاريخاً، وثقافة، ولغة، وفكراً. ومع ذلك، ظل هذان البلدان عَدوين لدودين، خاضا حروباً كثيرة، ويواجهان احتمال حرب نووية بينهما، لا تبقي ولا تذر.
في شهر أغسطس من عام 1947 احتفلت باكستان باستقلالها عن بريطانيا ولحقتها الهند في اليوم الثاني، بالاستقلال عن بريطانيا. وذلك بعد انسحاب بريطانيا من بلد تعتبره درة تاجها الإمبراطوري. وخلّفت وراءها دولتين مستقلتين هما الهند العلمانية، ذات الأغلبية الهندوسية، وباكستان الإسلامية.
تم عام 1858 إخضاع الهند للحكم البريطاني. وعام 1920 تم فيه اندلاع حركة استقلال الهند بزعامة مهاتما غاندي. حيث دعا غاندي الهنود من جميع طبقات المجتمع الهندي، إلى الاحتجاج غير العنيف، وتشجيع عدم التعاون مع الحكم البريطاني؛ الذي تضمن مقاطعة البضائع البريطانية. واعتقل البريطانيون غاندي بتهمة التحريض، وإثارة الفتنة. وبعد ذلك، أفرج عنه، وسافر في عام 1931 إلى لندن لحضور مؤتمر الطاولة المستديرة، كممثل وحيد لحزب المؤتمر الوطني الهندي. ولم يدعم كثير من المسلمين والسيخ رؤية غاندي الخاصة بالهند كبلد واحد. فقدم غاندي استقالته من حزب المؤتمر. واعتزل الحياة السياسية، لكنه بقي مواصلاً حملته من أجل الحرية والمساواة الاجتماعية. وتحققت أهداف غاندي، واضطرت بريطانيا لإنهاء وجودها في شبه القارة الهندية.
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ونشبت خلافات حادة -آنذاك- بين أكبر قيادتين سياسيتين في البلاد، وهما جواهر لال نهرو ومحمد علي جناح. كان نهرو زعيم حزب المؤتمر، وكان معارضاً لمبدأ تقسيم البلاد على أسُس دينية. لكن محمد علي جناح زعيم «عصبة مسلمي الهند»؛ الذي أصبح حاكماً عاماً لباكستان، عقب التقسيم، كان مصراً على أن لمسلمي الهند الحق في تأسيس دولة خاصة بهم. وبعد أن تأكد جناح بأن حزب المؤتمر يقف ضد المسلمين، قرر أن ينفصل عن حزب المؤتمر، بعد أن كان عضواً فيه، وشكّل «العصبة الإسلامية». ونشبت خلافات حادة ومواجهات بين الحزب والعصبة. فبعثت بريطانيا وفداً لحل الأزمة بينهما، ونقل السلطة إلى إدارة هندية واحدة. ولكن هذه المحاولات فشلت، عقب اندلاع حرب ضروس بين الهندوس والمسلمين، بشأن الاستقلال. وقد أقر البرلمان البريطاني عام 1947م، قانون استقلال الهند، وباكستان، وأمر بترسيم الحدود بينهما. وتم الانتهاء من رسم خط تقسيم شبه القارة إلى دولتين. وهكذا، تم تقسيم أكبر إمبراطورية في العالم.
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يتركز الخلاف والصراع بين الدولتين على إقليم كشمير. تقع منطقة كشمير، المتنازع عليها، على الحدود المشتركة لأربع دول، هي: الهند، باكستان، الصين، أفغانستان. وتبلغ مساحتها 86023 ميلاً مربعاً. يقسمها خط وقف إطلاق النار، منذ سنة 1949م. وتبلغ مساحة الجزء الهندي 53665 ميلاً مربعاً، ويسمى جامو كشمير. وتبلغ مساحة الجزء التابع لباكستان 32358 ميلاً مربعاً، ويعرف باسم ولاية كشمير الحرة (كشمير أزاد). ويبلغ عدد سكان الولاية 6 ملايين نسمة، تقريباً. يشكل المسلمون منهم 64%، والهندوس 33%، والسيخ 3%.
لقد نشبت حروب عدة بين الباكستان، والهند، على كشمير، وغيرها. فكل من الهند وباكستان تدعي تبعية كشمير، هذا الإقليم الهام، اقتصادياً واستراتيجياً، لها. ولم يُحَلْ هذا الخلاف المستشري منذ عام 1947م، رغم محاولة عدة دول للتوسط بين الدولتين لحله. وكذلك تدخل الأمم المتحدة، وقرارها بأن يتم إجراء استفتاء بين سكان كشمير، ورفض الهند بإصرار لهذا القرار، لأن تنفيذه سيعني رغبة أغلبية السكان، في الانضمام لباكستان. وما زال العالم يحبس أنفاسه، خشية اندلاع حرب نووية بين الدولتين، نتيجة استمرار هذا الخلاف، لن يقتصر ضررها على شبه القارة الهندية، بل سيصل إلى سماء أوروبا غرباً. والى اليابان شرقاً.
صدقة يحيى فاضل
الصراع الباكستاني - الهندي إلى أين.. ؟
22 يونيو 2025 - 00:24
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آخر تحديث 22 يونيو 2025 - 00:24
تابع قناة عكاظ على الواتساب
Since their independence in 1947, conflict has prevailed, and wars have ignited between them. The Pakistani-Indian relations have witnessed several wars to date, the latest being the war that broke out on April 22, 2025, along the line of control in Kashmir. The last weeks of April saw repeated clashes and mutual shelling in the areas of Kiran, Poonch, and Kupwara, resulting in casualties and injuries on both sides, and reminding everyone of the specter of a comprehensive military escalation that could evolve into a nuclear confrontation between these two nuclear states.
On a positive note, both parties reached a ceasefire agreement until May 18, 2025. They then agreed to extend this ceasefire indefinitely. The field understanding between India and Pakistan was followed by a critical test of the ceasefire, which remains in effect without an official institutional agreement, and is practically managed through fragile field balances and limited military communications. This raises questions about the sustainability of this calm or its potential collapse.
The ground reality reflects a clear decrease in the level of clashes along the Line of Control. Since May 12, 2025, no major violations or breaches have been recorded, with incidents limited to minor movements that did not escalate into new confrontations. This encouraging development is a positive indicator, but it does not rely on political commitment; rather, it is based on a field deterrent balance, making it susceptible to collapse at any friction.
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Pakistan and India are the two largest countries in South Asia and were once a single country. They are nations that share common traditions. They share and resemble each other in history, culture, language, and thought. However, these two countries have remained bitter enemies, having fought many wars and facing the prospect of a nuclear war between them that would leave nothing behind.
In August 1947, Pakistan celebrated its independence from Britain, followed by India on the second day, also gaining independence from Britain. This came after Britain withdrew from a country it considered the jewel of its imperial crown, leaving behind two independent states: secular India, with a Hindu majority, and Islamic Pakistan.
In 1858, India was placed under British rule. In 1920, the Indian independence movement erupted under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi called on Indians from all classes of Indian society to engage in nonviolent protest and encourage non-cooperation with British rule, which included boycotting British goods. The British arrested Gandhi on charges of incitement and sedition. He was later released and traveled to London in 1931 to attend the Round Table Conference as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. Many Muslims and Sikhs did not support Gandhi's vision of India as a single country. Gandhi resigned from the Congress Party, withdrew from political life, but continued his campaign for freedom and social equality. Gandhi's goals were achieved, and Britain was forced to end its presence in the Indian subcontinent.
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Sharp disagreements erupted at that time between the two largest political leaders in the country, Jawaharlal Nehru and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Nehru was the leader of the Congress Party and opposed the principle of dividing the country on religious grounds. However, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the "All-India Muslim League," who became the Governor-General of Pakistan after the partition, insisted that Muslims in India had the right to establish their own state. After Jinnah confirmed that the Congress Party was against Muslims, he decided to break away from the Congress Party, of which he had been a member, and formed the "Muslim League." Sharp disagreements and confrontations arose between the Congress and the League. Britain sent a delegation to resolve the crisis between them and transfer power to a single Indian administration. However, these attempts failed after a fierce war broke out between Hindus and Muslims over independence. The British Parliament enacted the Indian Independence Act in 1947, ordering the demarcation of borders between India and Pakistan. The division of the subcontinent into two states was completed. Thus, the largest empire in the world was divided.
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The dispute and conflict between the two countries center on the Kashmir region. The disputed area of Kashmir lies on the common borders of four countries: India, Pakistan, China, and Afghanistan. It covers an area of 86,023 square miles. It has been divided by a ceasefire line since 1949. The Indian part covers 53,665 square miles and is called Jammu and Kashmir. The part belonging to Pakistan covers 32,358 square miles and is known as Azad Kashmir. The population of the state is approximately 6 million, with Muslims making up 64%, Hindus 33%, and Sikhs 3%.
Several wars have erupted between Pakistan and India over Kashmir and other issues. Both India and Pakistan claim this strategically and economically important region as their own. This ongoing dispute, which has persisted since 1947, has not been resolved despite several countries attempting to mediate between the two nations. The United Nations also intervened, deciding that a referendum should be held among the people of Kashmir, which India has persistently rejected, as its implementation would mean the majority of the population's desire to join Pakistan. The world continues to hold its breath, fearing the outbreak of a nuclear war between the two nations as a result of this ongoing dispute, the damage of which would not be limited to the Indian subcontinent but would reach the skies of Europe to the west and Japan to the east.
On a positive note, both parties reached a ceasefire agreement until May 18, 2025. They then agreed to extend this ceasefire indefinitely. The field understanding between India and Pakistan was followed by a critical test of the ceasefire, which remains in effect without an official institutional agreement, and is practically managed through fragile field balances and limited military communications. This raises questions about the sustainability of this calm or its potential collapse.
The ground reality reflects a clear decrease in the level of clashes along the Line of Control. Since May 12, 2025, no major violations or breaches have been recorded, with incidents limited to minor movements that did not escalate into new confrontations. This encouraging development is a positive indicator, but it does not rely on political commitment; rather, it is based on a field deterrent balance, making it susceptible to collapse at any friction.
****
Pakistan and India are the two largest countries in South Asia and were once a single country. They are nations that share common traditions. They share and resemble each other in history, culture, language, and thought. However, these two countries have remained bitter enemies, having fought many wars and facing the prospect of a nuclear war between them that would leave nothing behind.
In August 1947, Pakistan celebrated its independence from Britain, followed by India on the second day, also gaining independence from Britain. This came after Britain withdrew from a country it considered the jewel of its imperial crown, leaving behind two independent states: secular India, with a Hindu majority, and Islamic Pakistan.
In 1858, India was placed under British rule. In 1920, the Indian independence movement erupted under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi called on Indians from all classes of Indian society to engage in nonviolent protest and encourage non-cooperation with British rule, which included boycotting British goods. The British arrested Gandhi on charges of incitement and sedition. He was later released and traveled to London in 1931 to attend the Round Table Conference as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. Many Muslims and Sikhs did not support Gandhi's vision of India as a single country. Gandhi resigned from the Congress Party, withdrew from political life, but continued his campaign for freedom and social equality. Gandhi's goals were achieved, and Britain was forced to end its presence in the Indian subcontinent.
****
Sharp disagreements erupted at that time between the two largest political leaders in the country, Jawaharlal Nehru and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Nehru was the leader of the Congress Party and opposed the principle of dividing the country on religious grounds. However, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the "All-India Muslim League," who became the Governor-General of Pakistan after the partition, insisted that Muslims in India had the right to establish their own state. After Jinnah confirmed that the Congress Party was against Muslims, he decided to break away from the Congress Party, of which he had been a member, and formed the "Muslim League." Sharp disagreements and confrontations arose between the Congress and the League. Britain sent a delegation to resolve the crisis between them and transfer power to a single Indian administration. However, these attempts failed after a fierce war broke out between Hindus and Muslims over independence. The British Parliament enacted the Indian Independence Act in 1947, ordering the demarcation of borders between India and Pakistan. The division of the subcontinent into two states was completed. Thus, the largest empire in the world was divided.
****
The dispute and conflict between the two countries center on the Kashmir region. The disputed area of Kashmir lies on the common borders of four countries: India, Pakistan, China, and Afghanistan. It covers an area of 86,023 square miles. It has been divided by a ceasefire line since 1949. The Indian part covers 53,665 square miles and is called Jammu and Kashmir. The part belonging to Pakistan covers 32,358 square miles and is known as Azad Kashmir. The population of the state is approximately 6 million, with Muslims making up 64%, Hindus 33%, and Sikhs 3%.
Several wars have erupted between Pakistan and India over Kashmir and other issues. Both India and Pakistan claim this strategically and economically important region as their own. This ongoing dispute, which has persisted since 1947, has not been resolved despite several countries attempting to mediate between the two nations. The United Nations also intervened, deciding that a referendum should be held among the people of Kashmir, which India has persistently rejected, as its implementation would mean the majority of the population's desire to join Pakistan. The world continues to hold its breath, fearing the outbreak of a nuclear war between the two nations as a result of this ongoing dispute, the damage of which would not be limited to the Indian subcontinent but would reach the skies of Europe to the west and Japan to the east.


